{"id":12642,"date":"2013-11-05T14:56:19","date_gmt":"2013-11-05T13:56:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=12642"},"modified":"2013-11-05T14:56:50","modified_gmt":"2013-11-05T13:56:50","slug":"nasili-na-detech-je-veci-verejneho-zdravi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=12642","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech zvy\u0161uje v\u00fdskyt du\u0161evn\u00edch poruch v dosp\u011blosti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fyzick\u00e9, psychick\u00e9 a sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u00e1chan\u00e9 na d\u011btech je \u010dastou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou r\u016fzn\u00fdch du\u0161evn\u00edch poruch v dosp\u011blosti. Jedin\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro boj s t\u00edmto spole\u010densk\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem je prevence, pro ni\u017e m\u00e1 nyn\u00ed \u010cesko svou vlastn\u00ed strategii.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vydala Sv\u011btov\u00e1 zdravotnick\u00e1 organizace (WHO) na sv\u00e9m 63. zased\u00e1n\u00ed Region\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdboru WHO pro Evropu zpr\u00e1vu k prevenci t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee po\u010det p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u00e1chan\u00e9ho na d\u011btech v Evrop\u011b postupn\u011b kles\u00e1, je st\u00e1le alarmuj\u00edc\u00ed (viz tab. 1).<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed vy\u00fast\u00ed a\u017e ve smrt d\u00edt\u011bte, jsou pouze \u0161pi\u010dkou ledovce, ale i ta dosahuje v evropsk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch pom\u011brn\u011b drastick\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky \u2013 850 \u00famrt\u00ed ro\u010dn\u011b. Podle vedouc\u00edho programu „Prevence n\u00e1sil\u00ed a \u00faraz\u016f“ za WHO pro Evropu Dineshe Sethiho p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st zaznamenan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed (71 %) spad\u00e1 do evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi a\u017e st\u0159edn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edjmy.<\/p>\n

Souvislost mezi ekonomickou situac\u00ed rodin a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm rizikem n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u00e1chan\u00e9ho na d\u011btech Dinesh Sethi dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 i na statistice, podle kter\u00e9 byl nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det \u00famrt\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1n ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b v 90. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed \u2013 tedy v dob\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 transformace po p\u00e1du \u017eelezn\u00e9 opony.<\/p>\n

Jedin\u00fd l\u00e9k<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160kody, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017ee nap\u00e1chat na d\u011btech, jsou \u010dasto nezvratn\u00e9, a tak jedinou \u00fa\u010dinnou zbran\u00ed proti n\u011bmu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 prevence.<\/p>\n

„Vedle ni\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku na \u017eivoty mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed existuj\u00ed nezvratn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o souvislosti mezi t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00edm a rozvojem du\u0161evn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. T\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u010dtvrtiny z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee du\u0161evn\u00edch poruch, jako jsou deprese, \u00fazkost, poruchy p\u0159\u00edjmu potravy, probl\u00e9my s chov\u00e1n\u00edm, sebevra\u017eedn\u00e9 sklony, sebepo\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed a nedovolen\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed omamn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1 vliv na \u0161koln\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, existuje spojitost s rizikov\u00fdm sexu\u00e1ln\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00edm, objevuj\u00ed se d\u016fkazy o vazb\u011b na rozvoj obezity a dal\u0161\u00ed nep\u0159enosn\u00e9 nemoci a podobn\u011b,“ uv\u00e1d\u00ed ministerstvo zdravotnictv\u00ed ve sv\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b.<\/p>\n

Vliv t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed na \u00farove\u0148 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed, ale i pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch jedince potvrzuje rovn\u011b\u017e WHO, kter\u00e1 nav\u00edc odhaduje i finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1klady pro spole\u010dnost v \u0159\u00e1dech miliard eur.<\/p>\n

V r\u00e1mci celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho sna\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v t\u00e9to v\u011bci iniciovala WHO, vypracovala i \u010cesk\u00e1 republika svoji vlastn\u00ed „N\u00e1rodn\u00ed strategii prevence n\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech“, pomoc\u00ed n\u00ed\u017e se do roku 2018 bude sna\u017eit zvy\u0161ovat ochranu d\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159ed v\u0161emi formami n\u00e1sil\u00ed, co\u017e sou\u010dasn\u011b vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 i ze z\u00e1vazku \u010cR souvisej\u00edc\u00edho s ratifikac\u00ed \u00damluvy o pr\u00e1vech d\u00edt\u011bte.<\/p>\n

Informovanost jako cesta prevence<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed epidemiologick\u00e9 studie o n\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech byly podpo\u0159eny granty resortu ministerstva zdravotnictv\u00ed a staly se sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed „1. sv\u011btov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy OSN a WHO o n\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech“.<\/p>\n

„Nastal \u010das, aby t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za riziko pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed, ne pouze za ot\u00e1zku pro trestn\u00ed soudnictv\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m,“ m\u00edn\u00ed Dinesh Sethi, podle kter\u00e9ho je pro \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou prevenci kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 zn\u00e1t p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm rizikov\u00e9 faktory n\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech. Krom\u011b ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho socioekonomick\u00e9ho znev\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje, alespo\u0148 podle statistick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f WHO, \u010detnost p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f v\u0161ech forem t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed tak\u00e9 n\u00edzk\u00fd v\u011bk rodi\u010d\u016f, zda je rodi\u010d samo\u017eivitel, zda jeden z rodi\u010d\u016f nen\u00ed biologick\u00fdm rodi\u010dem atd.<\/p>\n

Odborn\u00edci na problematiku n\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech se shoduj\u00ed v tom, \u017ee jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1sadn\u00edch faktor\u016f, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l redukovat po\u010dty p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed, je m\u00edra informovanosti nejen laick\u00e9, ale i odborn\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti. Mnoho p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f toti\u017e nen\u00ed odhaleno pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee lid\u00e9 dan\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed neidentifikuj\u00ed jako t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. To se pak t\u00fdk\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00fdch forem psychick\u00e9ho t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed, ale dnes i sexu\u00e1ln\u00edho zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

„Sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed m\u00e1 mnoho podob a jen odborn\u00edci v\u011bd\u00ed, \u017ee existuj\u00ed kontaktn\u00ed i nekontaktn\u00ed formy r\u016fzn\u00e9 intenzity. D\u00edvky se \u010dast\u011bji st\u00e1vaj\u00ed ob\u011bt\u00ed opakovan\u00e9ho zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ze strany \u010dlena rodiny, zat\u00edmco chlapci se \u010dast\u011bji st\u00e1vaj\u00ed ob\u011bt\u00ed \u00fatoku ze strany zn\u00e1m\u00e9 \u010di ciz\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00e9 osoby. Sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed zneu\u017eit\u00ed ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b traumatizuje d\u00edt\u011b na cel\u00fd \u017eivot,“ upozor\u0148uje expertka na n\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech Eva Van\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Ministerstvo zdravotnictv\u00ed proto podpo\u0159ilo projekt, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem m\u00e1 b\u00fdt zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed informovanosti \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na rodi\u010de \u2013 jedn\u00e1 se o manu\u00e1l „Jak ochr\u00e1nit sv\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b p\u0159ed n\u00e1sil\u00edm“.<\/p>\n

Multidisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed probl\u00e9m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Formy zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed a n\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech z\u00edskaly v posledn\u00edch 20 letech s rozvojem nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed tak\u00e9 nov\u00fd rozm\u011br.<\/p>\n

Podle \u0160\u00e1rky Soudkov\u00e9 z N\u00e1rodn\u00edho centra pro bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed internet by rodi\u010de m\u011bli v\u011bnovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost chov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed na internetu. „Podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f studie Univerzity Palack\u00e9ho v Olomouci 53 % \u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed komunikuje s nezn\u00e1m\u00fdmi lidmi p\u0159es internet a 36 % jich je ochotno j\u00edt na osobn\u00ed sch\u016fzku s kamar\u00e1dem z internetu, pokud by o ni po\u017e\u00e1dal.<\/p>\n

Podle stejn\u00e9 studie 7 % \u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed (z toho 47 % chlapc\u016f a 53 % d\u00edvek) um\u00edstilo svoji \u201asexy\u2018 fotografii nebo video na internet,“ vyl\u00ed\u010dila nebezpe\u010d\u00ed \u0160\u00e1rka Soudkov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b posun ve form\u00e1ch p\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech dnes dle odborn\u00edk\u016f v\u00edce ne\u017e kdy d\u0159\u00edve dokazuje nutnost zapojen\u00ed nejen \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti, ale tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed. Podle ministra zdravotnictv\u00ed Martina Holc\u00e1ta se ji\u017e zdaleka nejedn\u00e1 pouze o probl\u00e9m soci\u00e1ln\u00edch pracovn\u00edk\u016f, je nutn\u00e9 zapojit i odborn\u00edky z obor\u016f pedopsychiatrie, praktick\u00e9ho d\u011btsk\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed, psychology, pedagogy a dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

„Podpora multioborov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed oborov\u00fdch bari\u00e9r je v prevenci n\u00e1sil\u00ed na d\u011btech zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Problematice se v praxi v\u011bnuje nap\u0159\u00edklad N\u00e1rodn\u00ed koordina\u010dn\u00ed centrum prevence \u00faraz\u016f, n\u00e1sil\u00ed a podpory bezpe\u010dnosti pro d\u011bti ve FN Motol, kde budou ji\u017e od p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho roku vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed kurzy nab\u00edzeny,“ uzav\u0159el ministr Holc\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Tab. 1 Po\u010dty t\u00fdran\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed v Evrop\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n

Typ zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di zanedb\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed V\u00fdskyt Po\u010det t\u00fdran\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed
\nSexu\u00e1ln\u00ed zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed 9,6 % 18 milion\u016f
\nFyzick\u00e9 zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed 22,9 % 44 milion\u016f
\nCitov\u00e9 zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed 29,1 % 55 milion\u016f
\nFyzick\u00e9 zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed 16,3 % 31 milion\u016f
\nFyzick\u00e9 zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed 18,4 % 35 milion\u016f<\/p>\n

Tab. 2 Statistick\u00fd p\u0159ehled:<\/strong>
\nT\u011blesn\u00e9 a psychick\u00e9 t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed, sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edpady zaznamenan\u00e9 org\u00e1ny soci\u00e1ln\u011b-pr\u00e1vn\u00ed ochrany d\u011bt\u00ed)
\nT\u011blesn\u00e9 t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed Psychick\u00e9 t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed Sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed
\nRok po\u010det rodi\u010dem rodinyz \u010dleny toho:osoboujinou po\u010det rodi\u010dem rodinyz \u010dleny toho:osoboujinou po\u010det rodi\u010dem rodiny\u010dleny z toho:osoboujinou
\n1996 575 392 172 11 173 131 37 5 558 162 137 xxx
\n1997 600 437 127 36 169 106 37 26 520 122 127 271
\n1998 641 441 161 39 192 162 26 4 593 125 130 338
\n1999 662 455 154 53 224 155 49 20 638 131 140 367
\n2000 530 361 132 33 213 165 40 8 614 98 111 405
\n2001 648 444 148 56 236 188 35 13 522 92 128 302
\n2002 527 374 137 16 171 121 42 8 537 101 123 311
\n2003 689 505 145 37 261 187 51 23 665 124 117 424
\n2004 598 408 159 34 424 196 176 52 698 101 133 464
\n2005 698 496 158 44 645 500 123 22 668 112 149 407
\n2006 556 361 146 49 452 333 78 41 585 98 142 345
\n2007 594 390 152 52 641 471 118 52 670 89 150 431
\n2008 671 462 157 52 568 417 111 40 732 116 168 448
\n2009 594 405 164 25 558 434 100 24 816 113 159 544
\n2010 677 448 166 63 826 634 152 40 786 136 148 499
\n2011 738 492 169 77 953 785 163 5 806 109 154 543
\n2012 836 528 228 83 952 730 194 28 813 149 176 488<\/p>\n

Zdroj: WHO
\nZdroj: MPSV<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fyzick\u00e9, psychick\u00e9 a sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u00e1chan\u00e9 na d\u011btech je \u010dastou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou r\u016fzn\u00fdch du\u0161evn\u00edch poruch v dosp\u011blosti. Jedin\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro boj s t\u00edmto spole\u010densk\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem je […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2220,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12642","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politika","category-spolecnost"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12642","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12642"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12642\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2220"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12642"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12642"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12642"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}