{"id":13778,"date":"2013-12-04T23:24:06","date_gmt":"2013-12-04T22:24:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=13778"},"modified":"2013-12-19T18:55:06","modified_gmt":"2013-12-19T17:55:06","slug":"chut-a-cich-jsou-mozna-jednim-komplexnim-smyslem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=13778","title":{"rendered":"Chu\u0165 a \u010dich jsou mo\u017en\u00e1 jedn\u00edm komplexn\u00edm smyslem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nevid\u00ed nebo nesly\u0161\u00ed, maj\u00ed mnohdy jin\u00e9 smysly zbyst\u0159en\u00e9. Podle v\u011bdc\u016f se \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce ukazuje, \u017ee \u010dich i chut jsou v podstat\u011b jedn\u00edm smyslem.<\/strong>\u00a0 Photo: Kei!<\/a>\/Flickr<\/p>\n

Chu\u0165 nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zkou chu\u0165ov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Ve vjemech, kter\u00e9 v n\u00e1s vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed potraviny, hraje v\u00fdznamnou roli tak\u00e9 \u010dich, ale i hmat.<\/p>\n

Na\u0161e vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak ovliv\u0148uje i pam\u011b\u0165. Chut\u011b jsou, jak si mo\u017en\u00e1 vzpom\u00edn\u00e1te ze \u0161koly, \u010dty\u0159i: sladk\u00e1, slan\u00e1, kysel\u00e1 a ho\u0159k\u00e1, a ty jsou poci\u0165ov\u00e1ny ve \u010dty\u0159ech p\u0159esn\u011b definovan\u00fdch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch jazyka. Pat\u0159\u00ed k tomu je\u0161t\u011b snad umami, co\u017e je slovo japonsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu a ozna\u010duje koncentrovanou a dlouhou chu\u0165 bujonu, sojov\u00e9 om\u00e1\u010dky \u010di glutamanu v \u00fastech.<\/p>\n

To je ov\u0161em \u0161patn\u011b! Jak postupuje v\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, experti st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00ed fyziologii chuti fyziologii \u010dichu, nebo\u0165 bez \u010dichu nen\u00ed chuti.<\/p>\n

U\u010di\u0148me mal\u00fd pokus. Kdy\u017e si d\u00e1te jahodu p\u0159ed nos, c\u00edt\u00edte, \u017ee von\u00ed jako jahoda, ale zat\u00edm nev\u00edte, jakou bude m\u00edt chu\u0165, dokud ji nerozkousnete. Ochutn\u00e1v\u00e1te-li jahodu, m\u016f\u017eete zjistit, \u017ee m\u00e1 chu\u0165 jahody, kter\u00e1 se podob\u00e1 jej\u00ed v\u016fni. Jestli\u017ee se v\u0161ak v tom okam\u017eiku nadechnete, v\u016fni jahody u\u017e nec\u00edt\u00edte.<\/p>\n

Chu\u0165 jahody se ozna\u010duje za sladkou, lehce nakyslou, s k\u0159upav\u00fdm povrchem a m\u011bkk\u00fdm vnit\u0159kem. Dal\u0161\u00ed vjemy pak vych\u00e1zej\u00ed i z drobn\u00fdch zrn\u00ed\u010dek na tomto ovoci. V\u0161echny tyto informace tvo\u0159\u00ed velmi p\u0159esn\u00fd obraz jahody.<\/p>\n

\u010cich si \u010dasto p\u0159edstavujeme jako sou\u010d\u00e1st chuti, ani\u017e bychom v\u011bd\u011bli pro\u010d: vzduch, kter\u00fd vch\u00e1z\u00ed do \u00fast a obsahuje vonn\u00e9 molekuly jahody, stoup\u00e1 a\u017e do nosn\u00edch dutin. To je retro \u010dich. Dal\u0161\u00ed molekuly stimuluj\u00ed chu\u0165ov\u00e9 poh\u00e1rky, abychom mohli c\u00edtit r\u016fzn\u00e9 chut\u011b – to je vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed chuti. Stimulov\u00e1ny jsou rovn\u011b\u017e zuby, jazyk, d\u00e1sn\u011b a \u010delisti, kter\u00e9 dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed informace pro utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed chuti.<\/p>\n

Annick Faurionov\u00e1 z francouzsk\u00e9ho Institutu neurobiologie Alfreda Fessarda soud\u00ed, \u017ee jde o komplexn\u00ed smysl op\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se o vjemy umo\u017e\u0148ovan\u00e9 \u010dichov\u00fdmi neurony. Kl\u00ed\u010d k rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed chuti je individu\u00e1ln\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako u \u010dichu, a chu\u0165 nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt shrnuta do \u010dty\u0159 nebo p\u011bti z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kategori\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Teorii \u010dty\u0159 chut\u00ed rozv\u00edjej\u00ed \u010di zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed \u010detn\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Faurionov\u00e1 op\u00edr\u00e1 svou kritiku o prost\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed: kdy\u017e d\u00e1te ochutnat tut\u00e9\u017e molekulu v\u00edce lidem, budou ji n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed definovat jako sladkou, zat\u00edmco jin\u00ed jako slanou \u010di ho\u0159kou.<\/p>\n

„Ve skute\u010dnosti to, co ka\u017ed\u00fd definuje jako sladk\u00e9, je to, co ka\u017ed\u00fd poci\u0165uje, kdy\u017e j\u00ed cukr,“ vysv\u011btluje podle francouzsk\u00e9ho listu Le Figaro Faurionov\u00e1. Toto obecn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed bylo definov\u00e1no, aby bylo mo\u017eno o tomto pocitu hovo\u0159it, ale kdyby bylo t\u0159eba up\u0159esnit v\u0161echny vjemy, kter\u00e9 cukr v \u00fastech vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1, ka\u017ed\u00fd by pou\u017eil odli\u0161n\u00fd v\u00fdraz.<\/p>\n

Na rozd\u00edl od \u010dichu je chu\u0165 velmi d\u016fkladn\u00fd smysl, kter\u00fd spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 na osmi nervech, a poruchy chuti jsou velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00e9. \u010cast\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami poklesu t\u00e9to schopnosti je ztr\u00e1ta velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu zub\u016f, kou\u0159en\u00ed, n\u011bkter\u00e9 l\u00e9ky a chemoterapie u rakoviny.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nevid\u00ed nebo nesly\u0161\u00ed, maj\u00ed mnohdy jin\u00e9 smysly zbyst\u0159en\u00e9. Podle v\u011bdc\u016f se \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce ukazuje, \u017ee \u010dich i chut jsou v podstat\u011b jedn\u00edm […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13781,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13778","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13778","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13778"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13778\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13781"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13778"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13778"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13778"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}