{"id":17252,"date":"2014-08-22T07:38:45","date_gmt":"2014-08-22T05:38:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=17252"},"modified":"2014-08-22T07:38:45","modified_gmt":"2014-08-22T05:38:45","slug":"tuberkulozu-do-ameriky-zavlekli-tuleni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=17252","title":{"rendered":"Tuberkul\u00f3zu do Ameriky zavlekli tuleni"},"content":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00ed, kdo p\u0159inesli na americk\u00fd kontinent tuberkul\u00f3zu, mo\u017en\u00e1 nebyli mo\u0159eplavci v 15. stolet\u00ed, ale tuleni, a to dokonce o mnoho set let d\u0159\u00edve. Tento z\u00e1v\u011br vych\u00e1z\u00ed podle serveru BBC ze studie zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9 v nov\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle \u010dasopisu Nature.<\/strong><\/p>\n

„Kdo by si jen pomyslel, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b tuleni p\u0159ed tis\u00edci lety p\u0159inesli do Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky jednu z nejsmrteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch chorob? To bylo skute\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e9 p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed,“ podotkl podle BBC jeden z autor\u016f studie Johannes Krause z univerzity v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m T\u00fcbingenu.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e janovsk\u00fd mo\u0159eplavec Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus zakotvil v roce 1492 u americk\u00fdch b\u0159eh\u016f, odstartoval t\u00edm novou \u00e9ru pro tam\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obyvatele – mimo jin\u00e9 z hlediska nemoc\u00ed. Odhaduje se, \u017ee 90 procent domorod\u00e9 americk\u00e9 populace zem\u0159elo v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech pr\u00e1v\u011b kv\u016fli infekc\u00edm, kter\u00e9 do t\u00e9 doby indi\u00e1ni neznali.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1 studie publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopisu Nature ov\u0161em ukazuje, \u017ee tuberkul\u00f3za patrn\u011b ji\u017e na tomto kontinentu existovala d\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci odkryli t\u0159i peru\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kostry lid\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podle genetick\u00fdch test\u016f vykazovaly zn\u00e1mky tuberkul\u00f3zy. Tyto skelety byly p\u0159itom star\u00e9 1000 let, tito lid\u00e9 tedy \u017eili asi 500 let p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem prvn\u00edch Evropan\u016f na americk\u00fd kontinent.<\/p>\n

„Porovnali jsme genom – kompletn\u00ed genetickou informaci – tohoto typu bakteri\u00ed s modern\u00edm kmenem bakteri\u00ed … a zjistili jsme, \u017ee typ bakteri\u00ed analyzovan\u00fd na peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdch kostr\u00e1ch nebyl typicky evropsk\u00fd, asijsk\u00fd ani africk\u00fd kmen bakteri\u00ed, kter\u00fd nach\u00e1z\u00edme u dne\u0161n\u00edch lid\u00ed,“ \u0159ekl podle BBC Krause.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1hada ov\u0161em byla, jak se tento kmen bakteri\u00ed mohl dostat p\u0159ed tis\u00edci lety do Ameriky. „P\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli jsme – jak se mohl dostat do Ameriky? A vtipkovali jsme – p\u0159ilet\u011bl? P\u0159iplaval? Pak jsme ale zjistili, \u017ee skute\u010dn\u011b p\u0159iplaval. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili ho tuleni,“ vysv\u011btlil podle BBC Krause.<\/p>\n

Badatel\u00e9 zjistili, \u017ee kmen bakteri\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly analyzov\u00e1ny ve star\u00fdch peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdch kostech, byl velmi podobn\u00fd tomu, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed dnes u nemocn\u00fdch tule\u0148\u016f a lvoun\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee tito mo\u0159\u0161t\u00ed savci p\u0159enesli tuto chorobu od lid\u00ed z Afriky, kde tuberkul\u00f3za vznikla, p\u0159es oce\u00e1n do Ameriky. Nemoc se potom roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila mezi indi\u00e1ny, kte\u0159\u00ed tato zv\u00ed\u0159ata lovili a konzumovali.<\/p>\n

„Na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Peru existuj\u00ed doklady pro lov tule\u0148\u016f. Tuleni tu byli velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm ekonomick\u00fdm faktorem. Byli loveni a zu\u017eitkov\u00e1na byla jejich k\u016f\u017ee, maso i tuk. Byla to v t\u00e9to oblasti opravdu velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata,“ dodal n\u011bmeck\u00fd badatel.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edm je st\u00e1le nejasn\u00e9, zda se tehdy indi\u00e1ni mohli nakazit jen od tule\u0148\u016f, nebo se pak \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila nemoc i z jednoho \u010dlov\u011bka na druh\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Tuleni byli sice pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b prvn\u00ed, kdo do Ameriky zanesl tuberkul\u00f3zu, evrop\u0161t\u00ed mo\u0159eplavci v\u0161ak na kontinent zavlekli jin\u00fd smrteln\u00fd kmen bakteri\u00ed tuberkul\u00f3zy, kter\u00fd znamenal pro tam\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obyvatelstvo zk\u00e1zu.<\/p>\n

„\u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 s sebou p\u0159ivezli evropsk\u00fd typ tuberkul\u00f3zy a to patrn\u011b zp\u016fsobilo onu velkou epidemii v Severn\u00ed a Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe. Podle na\u0161ich sou\u010dasn\u00fdch v\u011bdomost\u00ed je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee novodob\u00fd typ tuberkul\u00f3zy v Severn\u00ed a Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe je evropskou verz\u00ed t\u00e9to choroby,“ uzav\u0159el badatel.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00ed, kdo p\u0159inesli na americk\u00fd kontinent tuberkul\u00f3zu, mo\u017en\u00e1 nebyli mo\u0159eplavci v 15. stolet\u00ed, ale tuleni, a to dokonce o mnoho set let d\u0159\u00edve. Tento z\u00e1v\u011br […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zpravy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17252"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17252\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17252"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17252"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}