{"id":23311,"date":"2015-11-01T19:19:52","date_gmt":"2015-11-01T18:19:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=23311"},"modified":"2015-11-01T19:19:52","modified_gmt":"2015-11-01T18:19:52","slug":"corriere-della-sera-hraci-automat-neni-myslici-bytost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=23311","title":{"rendered":"Corriere della Sera: Hrac\u00ed automat nen\u00ed mysl\u00edc\u00ed bytost"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>&#8222;Polid\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed&#8220; hrac\u00edho automatu je potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9. Hr\u00e1\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00ed hrac\u00ed automaty za mysl\u00edc\u00ed stroje v\u00edce hraj\u00ed a tak\u00e9 mnohem v\u00edce prohr\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p> K tomuto z\u00e1v\u011bru dosp\u011bli v\u011bdci z fakulty psychologie na univerzit\u011b Milano-Bicocca. Experti vych\u00e1zeli z p\u0159irozen\u00e9 tendence lidsk\u00fdch bytost\u00ed k antropomorfismu, tedy k p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed mimolidsk\u00fdm skute\u010dnostem, jak jsou zv\u00ed\u0159ata, stroje \u010di p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed jevy.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci, jejich\u017e studii zve\u0159ejnil \u010dasopis Journal of Experimental Psychology, si polo\u017eili ot\u00e1zku, zda existuje spojitost mezi antropomorfizac\u00ed hrac\u00edch automat\u016f a chov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159i hazardn\u00ed h\u0159e. Jejich v\u00fdzkum uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee polid\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed hrac\u00edch automat\u016f vede k tomu, \u017ee hr\u00e1\u010d s\u00e1z\u00ed o 50 procent v\u00edce a prohr\u00e1v\u00e1 velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky. Polid\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed hrac\u00edch automat\u016f se ned\u011bje na fyzick\u00e9 \u00farovni \u010di v rovin\u011b podobnosti, ale prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm s\u00e9rie tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 z\u0159ejm\u011b hr\u00e1\u010de ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed. V\u011bdci uskute\u010dnili p\u011bt studi\u00ed na vzorku v\u00edce ne\u017e 400 osob.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i prvn\u00ed studii polo\u017eili v\u011bdci n\u011bkolik ot\u00e1zek skupin\u011b osob, kter\u00e9 nehraj\u00ed na automatech, a skupin\u011b hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f. Tyto ot\u00e1zky se t\u00fdkaly toho, jak\u00e9 vlastnosti mohou b\u00fdt v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159isuzov\u00e1ny hrac\u00edm automat\u016fm, nap\u0159\u00edklad: &#8222;Hrac\u00ed automat m\u016f\u017ee rozhodovat o tom, zda vyhraju&#8220;. V\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee skupina hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f m\u011bla tendenci spont\u00e1nn\u011b, asi o 50 procent v\u00edce ne\u017e nehr\u00e1\u010di, pova\u017eovat hrac\u00ed automat za mysl\u00edc\u00ed bytost.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dty\u0159ech experimentech v\u011bdci cht\u011bli zjistit, zda polid\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed hrac\u00edch automat\u016f m\u016f\u017ee podn\u011bcovat osoby, kter\u00e9 nehraj\u00ed na automatech, k hazardn\u00ed h\u0159e. Polovin\u011b pokusn\u00fdch osob p\u0159edvedli hrac\u00ed automat s popisem obsahuj\u00edc\u00edm vysok\u00fd stupe\u0148 antropomorfizace: &#8222;Jestli\u017ee hrajete na hrac\u00edm automatu, nepou\u017e\u00edvejte \u017e\u00e1dnou zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed strategii. Uv\u011bdomte si, \u017ee hrac\u00ed automat m\u016f\u017ee rozhodovat o tom, jestli vyhrajete nebo prohrajete podle sv\u00e9 v\u016fle.&#8220; Pro druhou skupinu byl ur\u010den hrac\u00ed automat s n\u00edzk\u00fdm stupn\u011bm antropomorfizace: &#8222;Jestli\u017ee hrajete na hrac\u00edm automatu, nepou\u017e\u00edvejte \u017e\u00e1dnou zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed strategii. Uv\u011bdomte si, \u017ee stroj je vybaven naprogramovan\u00fdm algoritmem, kter\u00fd ur\u010duje po\u010det v\u00fdher i proher.&#8220;<\/p>\n<p>Pokusn\u00e9 osoby z prvn\u00ed skupiny hr\u00e1ly v\u00edce, po\u010det jejich her byl o 45 procent vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u osob z druh\u00e9 skupiny, kter\u00e9 byl d\u00e1n k dispozici hrac\u00ed automat s n\u00edzk\u00fdm stupn\u011bm antropomorfizace. V\u011bdci nav\u00edc zjistili, \u017ee vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed antropomorfizace vede k v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ekonomick\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i experimentech se potvrdilo, \u017ee hr\u00e1\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee komunikuj\u00ed s druh\u00fdm &#8222;mozkem&#8220; nebo mysl\u00edc\u00ed bytost\u00ed, se do hry v\u00edce emotivn\u011b zapojili a m\u011bli v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tendenci k p\u0159edstav\u011b, \u017ee jde o jakousi v\u00fdzvu, a k tomu, aby se sna\u017eili ovliv\u0148ovat v\u00fdsledek hry, podobn\u011b jako se v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b sna\u017e\u00edme ovliv\u0148ovat osoby v na\u0161em okol\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e naopak pokusn\u00e9 osoby pova\u017eovaly automaty za to, co ve skute\u010dnosti jsou, a byly si v\u011bdomy, \u017ee jsou naprogramov\u00e1ny na ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det v\u00fdher a proher (dlouhodob\u011b v\u017edy k prosp\u011bchu toho, kdo stroje spravuje, a k nev\u00fdhod\u011b pro toho, kdo hraje), o\u010dek\u00e1valy, \u017ee automat vyprodukuje v\u00fdsledky, na jak\u00e9 byl naprogramov\u00e1n. Tedy \u017ee bude hr\u00e1\u010de p\u0159ipravovat o pen\u00edze.<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;Tento v\u00fdzkum ukazuje, \u017ee k tomu, aby lid\u00e9 na hrac\u00edch automatech m\u00e9n\u011b hr\u00e1li a nep\u0159ich\u00e1zeli o pen\u00edze, je t\u0159eba eliminovat v\u0161echny charakteristiky, kter\u00e9 vedou k jejich antropomorfizaci. Hrac\u00ed automaty je nutn\u00e9 prezentovat tak, aby bylo jasn\u00e9, co jsou: \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 osoba, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd rozum, n\u00fdbr\u017e pouze stroj zkonstruovan\u00fd tak, aby p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161el zisk tomu, kdo ho provozuje,&#8220; uvedl podle italsk\u00e9ho den\u00edku Corriere della Sera \u0161\u00e9f v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu Paolo Riva.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>&#8222;Polid\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed&#8220; hrac\u00edho automatu je potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9. Hr\u00e1\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00ed hrac\u00ed automaty za mysl\u00edc\u00ed stroje v\u00edce hraj\u00ed a tak\u00e9 mnohem v\u00edce prohr\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23312,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-spolecnost"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23311","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=23311"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23311\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/23312"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=23311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=23311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=23311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}