{"id":24022,"date":"2016-01-05T13:51:38","date_gmt":"2016-01-05T12:51:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=24022"},"modified":"2016-01-05T13:51:38","modified_gmt":"2016-01-05T12:51:38","slug":"vyzkum-schizofrenie-hledaji-se-dobrovolnici","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=24022","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdzkum schizofrenie. Hledaj\u00ed se dobrovoln\u00edci"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bludi\u0161t\u011b pro laboratorn\u00ed potkany p\u0159enesen\u00e9 do po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 hry m\u00e1 pomoci odhalit prvn\u00ed epizody schizofrenie a efektivn\u011bji testovat nov\u00e9 l\u00e9ky<\/strong><\/p>\n

ilustra\u010dn\u00ed foto: marcello99 \/ stock.xchng<\/p>\n

\u010clov\u011bka tr\u00e1p\u00ed mnoho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bla i du\u0161e, na kter\u00e9 neust\u00e1le hled\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd l\u00e9k. Ve sv\u011bt\u011b farmakologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu je ale hled\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9ku velice n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd a zdlouhav\u00fd proces, kter\u00fd nav\u00edc podl\u00e9h\u00e1 slo\u017eit\u00fdm pravidl\u016fm. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nich je dnes i samoz\u0159ejm\u00e1 podm\u00ednka preklinick\u00e9ho testov\u00e1n\u00ed sledovan\u00e9 l\u00e1tky na zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch modelech, ne\u017e bude p\u0159\u00edpravek aplikov\u00e1n u lid\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Jak je ale mo\u017en\u00e9 napodobit n\u011bkter\u00e9 komplexn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky psychiatrick\u00fdch diagn\u00f3z, jako jsou i halucinace a bludy vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se u psych\u00f3z a jak je tento model skute\u010dn\u011b srovnateln\u00fd s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edznaky pozorovan\u00fdmi u schizofrenie? V\u011bdci z\u00a0N\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u00fastavu du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed si vzali za c\u00edl vyu\u017e\u00edt metody p\u016fvodn\u011b vyvinut\u00e9 pro zv\u00ed\u0159ata a aplikovat je v klinick\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu u lid\u00ed. <\/p>\n

C\u00edlem v\u00fdzkumu je nejen ov\u011b\u0159it u\u017eite\u010dnost st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho anim\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu srovn\u00e1n\u00edm jeho v\u00fdsledk\u016f s\u00a0klinickou populac\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 v\u00a0budoucnu efektivn\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edvat nov\u00e9 metody p\u0159i testov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinku nov\u011b vyv\u00edjen\u00fdch l\u00e9ku na psychiatrick\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. <\/p>\n

O slibn\u00e9m pr\u016fb\u011bhu studie sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i ocen\u011bn\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 Neuropsychofarmakologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti v\u00a0oblasti Nov\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu za rok 2013 a publikace v\u00a0\u010dasopise Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience.<\/p>\n

Schizofrenie u lid\u00ed a u zv\u00ed\u0159at? Spole\u010dn\u00e9 jsou naru\u0161en\u00e9 kognitivn\u00ed funkce<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eSkute\u010dn\u011b se nem\u016f\u017eeme zeptat potkana, jestli sly\u0161\u00ed hlasy nebo jestli pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 vkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed my\u0161lenek. P\u0159esto ale dok\u00e1\u017eeme zjistit nap\u0159\u00edklad pocit jeho ohro\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0\u010dast\u00fdm projev\u016fm bludn\u00fdch p\u0159edstav u schizofrenie, kdy\u017e budeme sledovat zm\u011bny v jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed – nap\u0159\u00edklad b\u00e1zliv\u00e9 nebo naopak odv\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 prohled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho prostoru, reakce na stres, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed… Podobn\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9 testovat i tak zvan\u00fd deficit kognitivn\u00edch funkc\u00ed, kter\u00fd je podkladem mnoha neuropsychiatrick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed,\u201c vysv\u011btluje Mgr. Iveta Fajnerov\u00e1 z\u00a0N\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u00fastavu du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed, jedna z\u00a0autorek v\u00fdzkumu. <\/p>\n

Jako kognitivn\u00ed funkce jsou souhrnn\u011b ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny ty schopnosti, kter\u00e9 jsou spojen\u00e9 s pozornost\u00ed a soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00edm, d\u00e1le s pam\u011bt\u00ed, z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm a udr\u017een\u00edm nov\u00fdch informac\u00ed,\u00a0 logick\u00fdm my\u0161len\u00edm nebo t\u0159eba pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00edm. \u201eDnes ji\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b kognitivn\u00ed deficit, tedy naru\u0161en\u00ed pozornosti, pam\u011bti a my\u0161len\u00ed, je stabiln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edznakem u pacient\u016f trp\u00edc\u00edch nap\u0159. Alzheimerovou demenc\u00ed, Parkinsonovou nemoc\u00ed, mozkovou mrtvic\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 u psychiatrick\u00fdch diagn\u00f3z, jako je schizofrenie. Proto je vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed kognitivn\u00edch funkc\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed diagnostick\u00e9ho procesu,\u201c popisuje magistra Fajnerov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Bludi\u0161t\u011b nejen pro potkany<\/strong>
\n U modelov\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at je ale pot\u0159eba tyto funkce testovat odli\u0161n\u011b. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem jsou prostorov\u00e9 \u00falohy, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Morrisovo vodn\u00ed bludi\u0161t\u011b a rotuj\u00edc\u00ed ar\u00e9na (koloto\u010dov\u00e9 bludi\u0161t\u011b). Oba tyto testy vlastn\u011b sleduj\u00ed prostorovou navigaci zv\u00ed\u0159ete v\u00a0ohrani\u010den\u00e9m kruhov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Ve vodn\u00edm bludi\u0161ti potkan plave p\u0159\u00edmo k\u00a0zapamatovan\u00e9mu m\u00edstu, kter\u00e9 je skryt\u00e9 pod hladinou vody a je pro n\u011bj z\u00e1rove\u0148 i odm\u011bnou, proto\u017ee mu umo\u017en\u00ed z\u00a0vody vyl\u00e9zt. U rotuj\u00edc\u00ed ar\u00e9nky se potkan naopak vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 oblasti na rotuj\u00edc\u00ed ar\u00e9n\u011b. Oba testy tak po testovan\u00e9m zv\u00ed\u0159eti vy\u017eaduj\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00ed a zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00e9si vnit\u0159n\u00ed p\u0159edstavy (mapy) prostoru. Testy proto slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed schopnosti u\u010den\u00ed a pam\u011bti pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edsto v\u00a0prostoru.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b spolupr\u00e1ce mezi laborato\u0159\u00ed Neurofyziologie pam\u011bti Fyziologick\u00e9ho \u00dastavu (FgU) AV \u010cR a Matematicko-Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed fakultou Univerzity Karlovy (KSVI MFF UK) vznikly virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed testy, kter\u00e9 jsou analogiemi v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00fdch dvou test\u016f (hled\u00e1n\u00ed skryt\u00e9ho c\u00edle ve vodn\u00edm bludi\u0161ti a rotuj\u00edc\u00ed ar\u00e9ny) vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed hry Unreal Tournament.<\/p>\n

Pot\u00ed\u017ee s\u00a0navigac\u00ed u pacient\u016f se schizofreni\u00ed<\/strong>
\n \u201eOb\u011b \u00falohy v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti testujeme se svolen\u00edm na\u0161ich dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f: u skupiny pacient\u016f po prvn\u00ed epizod\u011b psych\u00f3zy a u skupiny zdrav\u00fdch osob. Oba virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed testy ji\u017e uk\u00e1zaly p\u0159\u00edtomnost deficitu prostorov\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed a pam\u011bti u prvn\u00edch epizod schizofrenie, kdy\u017e je srovn\u00e1me s v\u011bkov\u011b srovnatelnou zdravou populac\u00ed. P\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00a0jednom z\u00a0test\u016f m\u00e1 na\u0161e skupina pacient\u016f pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b o 20 % hor\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky, ve druh\u00e9m testu na rotuj\u00edc\u00ed ar\u00e9n\u011b je za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednek v\u00fdsledek dokonce dva a\u017e t\u0159ikr\u00e1t hor\u0161\u00ed,\u201c popisuje magistra Fajnerov\u00e1 z\u00a0N\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u00fastavu du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum tak uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee pacienti ji\u017e po prvn\u00ed epizod\u011b psychotick\u00e9ho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vykazuj\u00ed v\u00edce chyb (hled\u00e1n\u00ed na nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b), del\u0161\u00ed \u010das a del\u0161\u00ed trajektorii p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edlov\u00e9 pozice, jejich efektivita navigace je tedy ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u zdrav\u00fdch lid\u00ed. Tyto v\u00fdsledky jsou v\u00a0souladu se zm\u011bnami chov\u00e1n\u00ed sledovan\u00fdmi u anim\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu schizofrenie, nov\u00e9 metody by se tak mohly dob\u0159e uplatnit ve srovn\u00e1vac\u00edch studi\u00edch testuj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinek l\u00e9\u010div. Jeliko\u017e skupina pacient\u016f zahrnuje cel\u00e9 spektrum diagn\u00f3z schizofrenn\u00edho okruhu, je i v\u00fdkon ve skupin\u011b pacient\u016f mnohem variabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u kontroln\u00ed skupiny, nov\u00e9 poznatky by proto mohly p\u0159isp\u011bt i k\u00a0efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed diagnostice schizofrenie a p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch psychotick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Studie st\u00e1le prob\u00edh\u00e1, nab\u00edz\u00ed se tak i nad\u00e1le mo\u017enost se do n\u00ed p\u0159ihl\u00e1sit jako zdrav\u00fd dobrovoln\u00edk.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bludi\u0161t\u011b pro laboratorn\u00ed potkany p\u0159enesen\u00e9 do po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 hry m\u00e1 pomoci odhalit prvn\u00ed epizody schizofrenie a efektivn\u011bji testovat nov\u00e9 l\u00e9ky<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18803,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24022","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24022","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=24022"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24022\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/18803"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=24022"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=24022"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=24022"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}