{"id":25455,"date":"2016-05-05T07:34:08","date_gmt":"2016-05-05T05:34:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=25455"},"modified":"2016-05-05T07:34:08","modified_gmt":"2016-05-05T05:34:08","slug":"sigmund-freud-sen-je-splnene-prani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=25455","title":{"rendered":"Sigmund Freud: Sen je spln\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zakladatel psychoanal\u00fdzy Sigmund Freud zavedl pojmy jako nev\u011bdom\u00ed, ego \u010di Oidipovsk\u00fd komplex. Jako prvn\u00ed zd\u016fraznil v\u00fdznam sn\u016f a objevil z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv sexuality na lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot. Sv\u011btlo sv\u011bta spat\u0159ila i jeho slavn\u00e1 psychoanalytick\u00e1 pohovka.<\/strong><\/p>\n

ilustra\u010dn\u00ed foto: stock.xchng<\/p>\n

Rakousk\u00fd psycholog a psychiatr Freud, kter\u00fd se narodil v moravsk\u00e9m P\u0159\u00edboru p\u0159ed 160 lety, 6. kv\u011btna 1856, m\u00ednil, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bku nevl\u00e1dne rozum, ale nev\u011bdom\u00e9 pudy. A nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pudem je pud sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed, kter\u00fd ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bka u\u017e od kol\u00e9bky.<\/p>\n

Slavnou psychoanal\u00fdzu vynalezl Freud n\u011bkdy kolem roku 1895, kdy mu bylo necel\u00fdch 40 let. Na cest\u011b k n\u00ed se zab\u00fdval zejm\u00e9na neur\u00f3zami. Do\u0161el k n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou neur\u00f3z jsou du\u0161evn\u00ed r\u00e1ny z minulosti. Ty ov\u0161em „ne\u017eij\u00ed“ ve v\u011bdom\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e jsou z n\u011bj vyt\u011bsn\u011bny mimo dosah lidsk\u00e9 v\u016fle, do oblasti zapomn\u011bn\u00ed, sn\u016f a zasut\u00fdch z\u00e1\u017eitk\u016f. Tuto nov\u011b objevenou dimenzi lidsk\u00e9 psychiky nazval nev\u011bdom\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Za nejlep\u0161\u00ed cestu p\u0159es z\u00e1brany do nev\u011bdom\u00ed pova\u017eoval sny („kr\u00e1lovskou cestu k anal\u00fdze nev\u011bdom\u00fdch proces\u016f“) a metodu voln\u00fdch asociac\u00ed. Anal\u00fdzu t\u011bchto „v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00ed“, rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed nev\u011bdom\u00fdch traumat v nich a jejich l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed kontrolovan\u00fdm uvoln\u011bn\u00edm (sebeuv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00edm) nazval Freud psychoanal\u00fdzou.<\/p>\n

K hlavn\u00edm Freudov\u00fdm d\u00edl\u016fm pat\u0159\u00ed \u00davod do psychoanal\u00fdzy, Totem a tabu \u010di asi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed psychologick\u00e1 kniha 20. stolet\u00ed V\u00fdklad sn\u016f (1900). Toto d\u00edlo, kter\u00e9 psal deset let, vzniklo jako odpov\u011b\u010f na \u00famrt\u00ed otce Jakuba. Pozd\u011bji napsal: „Poda\u0159ilo se mi prok\u00e1zat, \u017ee sny maj\u00ed smysl, kter\u00fd lze uhodnout… Sen je spln\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed.“<\/p>\n

Metodu voln\u00fdch asociac\u00ed pro odhalen\u00ed psychick\u00fdch traumat vyvinul Freud v 90. letech 19. stolet\u00ed z tzv. katarzn\u00ed metody kolegy Josepha Breuera, se kter\u00fdm vydal zn\u00e1mou Studii o hysterii (1895). Metoda je zalo\u017eena na p\u0159esn\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00edch, zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam emoc\u00ed a rozd\u00edl mezi v\u011bdom\u00fdmi a nev\u011bdom\u00fdmi psychick\u00fdmi procesy.<\/p>\n

Sve\u0159ep\u00fd hleda\u010d spr\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00fd \u010dasto m\u011bnil nebo dokonce vyvracel i vlastn\u00ed teorie a hypot\u00e9zy, je ale zn\u00e1m tak\u00e9 jako zast\u00e1nce sexu\u00e1ln\u00edho ur\u010den\u00ed velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti lidsk\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed: \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 teorie psychoanal\u00fdzy nezp\u016fsobila tolik nepochopen\u00ed a odsudk\u016f jako Freud\u016fv v\u00fdklad v\u00fdvoje lidsk\u00e9 sexuality. Freud sexualitu vn\u00edmal nejen jako smysln\u00e9 chv\u011bn\u00ed, ale i jako velkolepou pozn\u00e1vac\u00ed metaforu, jej\u00edm\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u016f\u017eeme poznat, pochopit a vysv\u011btlit lidsk\u00e9 tr\u00e1pen\u00ed. Feud dosp\u011bl nap\u0159\u00edklad k n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee volba sexu\u00e1ln\u00edho partnera prob\u00edh\u00e1 podle nev\u011bdom\u00e9ho, ale neomyln\u011b iracion\u00e1ln\u00edho kompasu erotick\u00e9ho magnetismu.<\/p>\n

Freud t\u00e9\u017e zavedl pojem Oidipovsk\u00fd komplex (podle \u0159eck\u00e9 b\u00e1je kr\u00e1l Oidipus nev\u011bdomky zabil sv\u00e9ho otce a o\u017eenil se s vlastn\u00ed matkou), kdy\u017e tvrdil, \u017ee mezi t\u0159et\u00edm a\u017e \u0161est\u00fdm rokem v\u011bku chlapce vznik\u00e1 nev\u011bdom\u00e1 touha po incestu s matkou, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e otec je vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako sok.<\/p>\n

V dal\u0161\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00e9m d\u00edle J\u00e1 a ono (1923) Freud poprv\u00e9 formuloval u\u010den\u00ed o „vrstevnat\u00e9“ psychologick\u00e9 struktu\u0159e osobnosti, skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se ze t\u0159\u00ed komponent – nev\u011bdom\u00e9ho „ono“ (id), v\u011bdom\u00e9ho „j\u00e1“ (ego) a „nadj\u00e1“ (superego) neboli sv\u011bdom\u00ed. P\u0159i zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed principu slasti Freud do\u0161el k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee c\u00edlem (nikoli smyslem) \u017eivota je smrt, co\u017e vyvolalo bou\u0159liv\u00e9 reakce. Podle Freuda lze tento c\u00edl p\u0159ekonat pouze l\u00e1skou a tvo\u0159ivou prac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Odborn\u00edk kup\u0159\u00edkladu i na mozkovou obrnu u d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00fd m\u011bl fotografickou pam\u011b\u0165, miloval knihy, ciz\u00ed \u0159e\u010di a p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdu (men\u0161\u00ed nad\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bl pro matematiku), z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovlivnil velkou \u010d\u00e1st v\u011bdy, literatury a v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed 20. stolet\u00ed. Odkazovali se na n\u011bj surrealist\u00e9 a velk\u00e1 \u0159ada v\u011bdeck\u00fdch a kulturn\u00edch osobnost\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad Albert Einstein \u010di Thomas Mann.<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy psychoanal\u00fdzy sou\u010dasnou psychologi\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za p\u0159ekonan\u00e9, mnoho Freudov\u00fdch objev\u016f, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad obrann\u00fdch mechanism\u016f, princip\u016f dynamiky osobnosti \u010di funkce nev\u011bdom\u00ed, se staly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 psychologie. K Freudov\u00fdm n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk\u016fm (n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se od n\u011bj pozd\u011bji odklonili) pat\u0159il nap\u0159\u00edklad Raku\u0161an Alfred Adler, \u0160v\u00fdcar Carl Gustav Jung nebo americk\u00fd psychiatr n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu Erich Fromm.<\/p>\n

Sigmund Freud se narodil v rodin\u011b \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edka v moravsk\u00e9m P\u0159\u00edboru 6. kv\u011btna 1856. V rodn\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b ale str\u00e1vil jen t\u0159i roky, proto\u017ee v roce 1859 se rodina p\u0159est\u011bhovala do V\u00eddn\u011b. Zde p\u016fsobil jako l\u00e9ka\u0159 a psycholog, profesor V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 univerzity. V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1886 se o\u017eenil s Martou Bernaysovou, se kterou m\u011bl t\u0159i dcery a t\u0159i syny.<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9my za\u010dal m\u00edt Freud zejm\u00e9na po n\u00e1stupu nacist\u016f k moci, kdy ho\u0159ely na hranic\u00edch spolu s knihami humanisticky orientovan\u00fdch spisovatel\u016f a v\u011bdc\u016f i Freudovy pr\u00e1ce. V\u011bdec to komentoval lakonicky: „Alespo\u0148 ho\u0159\u00ed m\u00e9 knihy v dobr\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.“ Za nemor\u00e1ln\u00ed a dekadentn\u00ed byla tehdy ozna\u010dena d\u00edla o p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch neurotick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, zatracena byla i psychoanal\u00fdza.<\/p>\n

V roce 1938 se tento n\u00e1ru\u017eiv\u00fd ku\u0159\u00e1k doutn\u00edk\u016f (kou\u0159it nep\u0159estal ani po opakovan\u00fdch operac\u00edch horn\u00edho patra a \u010delisti, kv\u016fli rakovin\u011b \u00fast m\u011bl velkou prot\u00e9zu) ukryl v Lond\u00fdn\u011b. Zem\u0159el o rok pozd\u011bji v t\u0159iaosmdes\u00e1ti letech, 23. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1939, kdy podstoupil eutanazii. V nacistick\u00fdch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1borech zem\u0159ely \u010dty\u0159i jeho sestry.<\/p>\n

V knize M\u016fj \u017eivot a psychoanal\u00fdza napsal: „Kdy\u017e se ohl\u00e9dnu za t\u00edm, co jsem v \u017eivot\u011b vykonal, mohu \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee jsem mnoh\u00e9 zapo\u010dal a dal mnoho podn\u011bt\u016f, z nich\u017e by m\u011blo v budoucnosti n\u011bco vzniknout.“<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zakladatel psychoanal\u00fdzy Sigmund Freud zavedl pojmy jako nev\u011bdom\u00ed, ego \u010di Oidipovsk\u00fd komplex. Jako prvn\u00ed zd\u016fraznil v\u00fdznam sn\u016f a objevil z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv sexuality na lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot. […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21447,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25455","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=25455"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25455\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/21447"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=25455"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=25455"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=25455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}