{"id":27006,"date":"2017-01-11T16:06:06","date_gmt":"2017-01-11T15:06:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=27006"},"modified":"2017-01-11T16:06:06","modified_gmt":"2017-01-11T15:06:06","slug":"pred-165-lety-zemrel-louis-braille-tvurce-slepeckeho-pisma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=27006","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159ed 165 lety zem\u0159el Louis Braille, tv\u016frce slepeck\u00e9ho p\u00edsma"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u010c\u00edm je pro euroatlantickou civilizaci latinka, pro \u0158eky alfabeta nebo pro Rusy azbuka, t\u00edm je pro nevidom\u00e9 Braillovo p\u00edsmo. Geni\u00e1ln\u00ed vyn\u00e1lez \u0161estibodov\u00e9ho z\u00e1pisu, pou\u017eiteln\u00e9ho pro v\u0161echny sv\u011btov\u00e9 jazyky, zavr\u0161il \u0159adu p\u0159edchoz\u00edch ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch pokus\u016f a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 dodne\u0161ka nep\u0159ekon\u00e1n. A to p\u0159esto, \u017ee jeho tv\u016frce Louis Braille zem\u0159el u\u017e p\u0159ed 165 lety, 6. ledna 1852.<\/strong> <!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Velk\u00e9 v\u011bci b\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b jednoduch\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed se u\u010denci pokou\u0161eli vymyslet syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd by nevidom\u00fdm umo\u017enil \u010d\u00edst a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vat se, a\u017e s \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm p\u0159i\u0161el \u0161estn\u00e1ctilet\u00fd mlad\u00edk. Louis Braille, oslepl\u00fd syn sedl\u00e1\u0159e z francouzsk\u00e9ho m\u011bste\u010dka Coupvray nedaleko Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee, nav\u00edc ani \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ambice nem\u011bl, proto\u017ee se u\u010dil hr\u00e1t na varhany. A pr\u00e1v\u011b hudba rozhodla. Coby student Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho institutu pro slepou ml\u00e1de\u017e v roce 1825 s dv\u011bma sv\u00fdmi spolu\u017e\u00e1ky inicioval Braille \u017e\u00e1kovskou sout\u011b\u017e, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla podpo\u0159it a zdokonalit v t\u00e9 dob\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 Barbierovo p\u00edsmo. To vymyslel d\u016fstojn\u00edk ve v\u00fdslu\u017eb\u011b Charles Barbier de la Serre p\u016fvodn\u011b pro no\u010dn\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed a psan\u00ed v arm\u00e1d\u011b a postupn\u011b se z n\u011bj stalo i dvan\u00e1ctibodov\u00e9 p\u00edsmo pro nevidom\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Podle historika Josefa Sm\u00fdkala, autora publikace Pohled do d\u011bjin slepeck\u00e9ho p\u00edsma, v\u0161ak byl Barbier\u016fv syst\u00e9m slo\u017eit\u00fd, pro hmat n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd a nedala se j\u00edm zaznamen\u00e1vat hudebn\u00ed notace. &#8222;Na \u00fastavu se piln\u011b p\u011bstovala hudba a bylo t\u0159eba hudebn\u00ed skladby zapisovat takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, aby se daly znovu p\u0159ehr\u00e1vat,&#8220; vysv\u011btluje Sm\u00fdkal.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00cdT\u011aZ MUSEL \u010cEKAT<\/p>\n<p>Prozra\u010fme rovnou, \u017ee Braille sout\u011b\u017e vyhr\u00e1l. Jeho n\u00e1vrh nejen\u017ee Barbier\u016fv syst\u00e9m v\u00fdrazn\u011b zjednodu\u0161oval, tak\u017ee rozm\u011bry p\u00edsmem za\u010daly odpov\u00eddat rozm\u011br\u016fm b\u0159\u00ed\u0161ka ukazov\u00e1\u010dku, ale zav\u00e1d\u011bl i bodovou hudebn\u00ed notaci. Braillovy &#8222;litery&#8220; o dvou vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch sloupc\u00edch s t\u0159emi vyra\u017een\u00fdmi body umo\u017enily zobrazit ve\u0161ker\u00e9 znaky b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 abecedy v\u010detn\u011b interpunkce nebo \u010d\u00edsel a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b \u0161et\u0159ily pap\u00edr, co\u017e byl oded\u00e1vna probl\u00e9m nosi\u010d\u016f text\u016f pro nevidom\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Nevidom\u00ed byli n\u00e1vrhem od po\u010d\u00e1tku nad\u0161eni, ale \u0159editel institutu zprvu nev\u011bnoval sout\u011b\u017ei a jej\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm \u017e\u00e1dnou pozornost. Jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Sm\u00fdkal, \u0161lo podle n\u011bj jen o d\u011btskou hru a \u00fastav d\u00e1l pou\u017e\u00edval Barbierovo p\u00edsmo nebo vytla\u010denou latinku. &#8222;Braill\u016fv syst\u00e9m byl po cel\u00fdch 25 let u\u010diteli odm\u00edt\u00e1n,&#8220; popisuje historik.<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b se situace zm\u011bnila a\u017e roku 1850, kdy zde byly ve\u0161ker\u00e9 latinky opu\u0161t\u011bny jako nevhodn\u00e9 a Braillovo p\u00edsmo bylo veden\u00edm pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu pro nevidom\u00e9 kone\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ijato,&#8220; konstatuje Sm\u00fdkal.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fvod po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho odporu proti Braillovu vyn\u00e1lezu byl p\u0159itom \u010dist\u011b akademick\u00fd, berouc\u00ed ohled jen na vidomou majoritu. Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed bodov\u00e9 znaky pr\u00fd izoluj\u00ed vidom\u00e9 od nevidom\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed je nemohou \u010d\u00edst ani ps\u00e1t a museli by se je u\u010dit. Co\u017e by podle kritik\u016f u\u010ditel\u00e9 nezvl\u00e1dli a nevidom\u00e9 d\u011bti by tak nemohly chodit do \u0161kol v m\u00edst\u011b bydli\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ijet\u00ed Braillova p\u00edsma bylo sice pozdn\u00ed, ale zato definitivn\u00ed. &#8222;Toto p\u00edsmo obsahuje v\u0161echny principi\u00e1ln\u00ed prost\u0159edky, kter\u00fdmi se slepci mohou rozv\u00edjet,&#8220; prohl\u00e1sil n\u00e1hle tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u0159editel pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9ho institutu, kter\u00fd p\u0159edt\u00edm vytrvale zkou\u0161el v\u0161echny jin\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, jen\u017ee bez \u00fasp\u011bchu. Hned nato se Braillovo p\u00edsmo za\u010dalo \u0161\u00ed\u0159it po Evrop\u011b. V roce 1922 byla jeho soustava kodifikov\u00e1na \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdm ministerstvem \u0161kolstv\u00ed i pro z\u00e1znam \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka a od roku 1932 jde o univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed slepeck\u00e9 p\u00edsmo pro cel\u00fd sv\u011bt.<\/p>\n<p>VSTUPENKA DO PANTHEONU<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;Hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u00fasp\u011bchu je to, \u017ee syst\u00e9m je v souladu s fyziologi\u00ed a psychikou vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed hmatem. P\u00edsmena jsou tvo\u0159ena mal\u00fdm po\u010dtem reli\u00e9fn\u00edch bod\u016f a jejich ide\u00e1ln\u00edm rozlo\u017een\u00edm do lehce rozli\u0161iteln\u00fdch reli\u00e9fn\u00edch obrazc\u016f,&#8220; vysv\u011btluje historik Sm\u00fdkal.<\/p>\n<p>A samotn\u00fd Louis Braille? Cel\u00fd sv\u016fj dosp\u011bl\u00fd \u017eivot byl varhan\u00edkem, profesorem na pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9m Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m institutu pro slepou ml\u00e1de\u017e a sv\u00e9 p\u00edsmo neust\u00e1le zdokonaloval. Uzn\u00e1n\u00ed a obdivu se ov\u0161em do\u010dkal a\u017e v roce 1850, tedy dva roky p\u0159ed smrt\u00ed. Braill zem\u0159el jako t\u0159ia\u010dty\u0159icetilet\u00fd v roce 1852 na tuberkul\u00f3zu a byl poh\u0159ben v pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9m Pantheonu.<\/p>\n<p>11.1.2017<br \/>\nJAN \u0160T\u011aTKA<br \/>\nOlomouck\u00fd den\u00edk<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.olomoucky.denik.cz\/\">http:\/\/www.olomoucky.denik.cz\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>\u010c\u00edm je pro euroatlantickou civilizaci latinka, pro \u0158eky alfabeta nebo pro Rusy azbuka, t\u00edm je pro nevidom\u00e9 Braillovo p\u00edsmo. Geni\u00e1ln\u00ed vyn\u00e1lez \u0161estibodov\u00e9ho z\u00e1pisu, pou\u017eiteln\u00e9ho pro <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=27006\" title=\"P\u0159ed 165 lety zem\u0159el Louis Braille, tv\u016frce slepeck\u00e9ho p\u00edsma\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zpravy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27006","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=27006"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27006\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=27006"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=27006"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=27006"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}