{"id":27595,"date":"2017-03-20T17:21:59","date_gmt":"2017-03-20T16:21:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=27595"},"modified":"2017-03-20T17:21:59","modified_gmt":"2017-03-20T16:21:59","slug":"vyznamne-osobnosti-v-lecebne-pedagogice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=27595","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 osobnosti v l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 pedagogice"},"content":{"rendered":"

Z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch d\u00edl\u016f vyplynulo, \u017ee l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e1 pedagogika zat\u00edm nem\u00e1 v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice legislativn\u00ed zakotven\u00ed. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed vakuum zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee obor je \u010dasto interprertov\u00e1n n\u011bkter\u00fdmi d\u00edl\u010d\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edstupy, kter\u00e9 jsou pak \u010dasto chybn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za l\u00e9\u010debnou pedagogiku jako celek. Zkuste vygooglit v\u00fdraz l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e1 pedagogika a v\u011bt\u0161ina odkaz\u016f sm\u011b\u0159uje k antroposofick\u00e9 pedagogice a medic\u00edn\u011b. To nen\u00ed \u0161\u0165astn\u00e9, proto\u017ee antroposofie je pouze jedn\u00edm z mnoha p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f. Nav\u00edc tento p\u0159\u00edstup \u0159ada odborn\u00edk\u016f napad\u00e1. Proto za\u0159azuji do na\u0161eho pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st o osobnostech oboru: ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich p\u0159inesl n\u011bjak\u00fd d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed pohled. Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed komplexn\u00edho pohledu na l\u00e9\u010debnou pedagogiku je zat\u00edm p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi. Kdo jsou ti d\u016fle\u017eit\u00ed?<\/strong>
\n
\nJohann Daniel Georgens (1823 – 1886) byl n\u011bmeck\u00fdm pedagogem a zakladatelem l\u00e9\u010debn\u011b- v\u00fdchovn\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Levany, kde byly vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1ny d\u011bti intaktn\u00ed (zdrav\u00e9) i d\u011bti s posti\u017een\u00edm. Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u011blo slou\u017eit jako koncepce pro reformu tehdej\u0161\u00edho z\u00e1kladn\u00edho \u0161kolstv\u00ed. Tento \u00fastav b\u00fdv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1n za historick\u00e9ho p\u0159edch\u016fdce \u0161koln\u00ed integrace \u017e\u00e1k\u016f s posti\u017een\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Johann Jakob Guggenb\u00fchl (1816 – 1863) byl \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdm l\u00e9ka\u0159em a pedagogem, kter\u00fd v roce 1841 zalo\u017eil \u00dastav pro kret\u00e9ny v Abenbergu. Vybudoval ho v nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce 1100 metr\u016f, proto\u017ee se domn\u00edval, \u017ee horsk\u00e9 klima bude m\u00edt na jeho sv\u011b\u0159ence p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd vliv. Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed velice dob\u0159e fungovalo a stalo se vzorem a impulzem pro vznik podobn\u00fdch instituc\u00ed v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b, Anglii i USA.<\/p>\n

Jan Amos Komensk\u00fd (1592 – 1670) – \u010desk\u00fd teolog, pedagog, filozof a spisovatel. Byl posledn\u00edm biskupem Jednoty bratrsk\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy. Tu definoval jako \u201cuveden\u00ed dobr\u00e9 v\u011bci, kter\u00e1 podl\u00e9h\u00e1 n\u00e1kaze, do p\u016fvodn\u00edho stavu\u201d (Didactica Magna). Komensk\u00fd byl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00fd o tom, \u017ee v\u0161em d\u011btem s posti\u017een\u00edm by m\u011blo b\u00fdt poskytnuto vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdchova. Ve sv\u00fdch liter\u00e1rn\u00edch d\u00edlech uvedl my\u0161lenky, kter\u00e9 jsou platn\u00e9 i v dne\u0161n\u00ed modern\u00ed spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159edstavitelem l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy byl \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd pedagog a humanista Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746 – 1827). Ten roku 1774 zalo\u017eil v Neuhofu \u00fastav pro chud\u00e9, opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 a zanedban\u00e9 d\u011bti. Propojoval praktick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti se \u0161koln\u00edm vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm a n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou v\u00fdchovou. Ve sv\u00fdch d\u00edlech, ze kter\u00fdch jsou nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u201cLinhart a Gertruda\u201d a \u201cJak Gertruda u\u010d\u00ed sv\u00e9 d\u011bti\u201d, kladl d\u016fraz p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by m\u011blo b\u00fdt osvojeno ji\u017e v samotn\u00e9 rodin\u011b. Mimoto se zab\u00fdval tak\u00e9 v\u00fdukou a v\u00fdchovou nesly\u0161\u00edc\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

John Locke (1632 – 1704) byl anglick\u00fdm spisovatelem, vychovatelem a l\u00e9ka\u0159em. Ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle s n\u00e1zvem \u201cMy\u0161lenky o v\u00fdchov\u011b\u201d se zab\u00fdval individu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchovou mlad\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka. Individu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchova m\u011bla b\u00fdt protestem autora v\u016f\u010di \u0161kol\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 byly v t\u00e9 dob\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 c\u00edrkevn\u00edmi kruhy.<\/p>\n

Juraj P\u00e1le\u0161 (1753 – 1833) byl slovensk\u00fd teolog a pedagog, autor prvn\u00ed slovensk\u00e9 pedagogick\u00e9 u\u010debnice, kter\u00e1 vy\u0161la v roce 1920. Zab\u00fdval se m.j. tresty ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch u \u017e\u00e1k\u016f s poruchami chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Zd\u016fraz\u0148oval pot\u0159ebu individu\u00e1ln\u00edho a m\u00edrn\u00e9ho trestu. Na fotografii je autor tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku Doc. MUDr. PhDr. Leo\u0161 St\u0159eda, Ph.D. u portr\u00e9tu tohoto zakladatele slovensk\u00e9 pedagogiky. Portr\u00e9t Juraja P\u00e1le\u0161e je vystaven na levo\u010dsk\u00e9m pracovi\u0161ti l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 pedagogiky Katolick\u00e9 univerzity v Ru\u017eomberoku.<\/p>\n

Paul Moor (1899 – 1977) byl n\u011bmeck\u00fdm l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdm pedagogem, kter\u00fd tvrdil, \u017ee u\u010ditel nebo vychovatel by nem\u011bl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vystupovat do pop\u0159ed\u00ed v r\u00e1mci v\u00fdchovy. Jeho role by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zd\u016frazn\u011bna a\u017e tehdy, kdy\u017e se u d\u00edt\u011bte projev\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e1 biologick\u00e1 v\u00fdbava. Z\u00e1sah vychovatele \u010di pedagoga v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b stimuluje aktivitu d\u00edt\u011bte. Moor je autorem z\u00e1kladn\u00edch z\u00e1sad v p\u0159\u00edstupu k posti\u017een\u00fdm d\u011btem. Prvn\u00ed z\u00e1sada hovo\u0159\u00ed o tom, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b by m\u011blo b\u00fdt nejd\u0159\u00edve pochopeno a a\u017e pot\u00e9 vychov\u00e1v\u00e1no. Druh\u00e1 z\u00e1sada je o tom, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b by m\u011blo b\u00fdt podporov\u00e1no na jeho vlastn\u00ed cest\u011b k co nejkvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu pro\u017eit\u00ed jeho vlastn\u00edho \u017eivota. T\u0159et\u00ed z\u00e1sadou je v\u00fdchova nejen samotn\u00e9ho d\u00edt\u011bte, ale i jeho \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho a u\u017e\u0161\u00edho okol\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Italsk\u00e1 l\u00e9ka\u0159ka a pedago\u017eka Maria Montessori (1870 – 1952) sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu p\u016fsobila na psychiatrick\u00e9 klinice v \u0158\u00edm\u011b, kde se specializovala na studium d\u011btsk\u00fdch du\u0161evn\u00edch chorob. Sv\u00e9 poznatky a my\u0161lenky o v\u00fdchov\u011b a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed s ment\u00e1ln\u00edm posti\u017een\u00edm posl\u00e9ze uplatnila na ortofrenick\u00e9 (ortofrenie – nauka o spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00fdslovnosti hl\u00e1sek) \u0161kole v \u0158\u00edm\u011b, kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdvala pr\u00e1v\u011b vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm d\u011bt\u00ed s ment\u00e1ln\u00ed poruchou. P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch pokrok\u016f t\u011bchto d\u011bt\u00ed vyvstala ot\u00e1zka, pro\u010d zdrav\u00e9 d\u011bti v b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch nedosahuj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, n\u00fdbr\u017e zaost\u00e1vaj\u00ed na takov\u00e9 \u00farovni, \u017ee se jim ment\u00e1ln\u011b posti\u017een\u00e9 d\u011bti vyu\u010dovan\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi metodami dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed vyrovnat. To l\u00e9ka\u0159ku dovedlo k my\u0161lence, \u017ee tato metoda vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee pomoci tak\u00e9 intaktn\u00edm (zdrav\u00fdm, neposti\u017een\u00fdm) d\u011btem k vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni jejich vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed podle Marie Montessori je popul\u00e1rn\u00ed tak\u00e9 v dne\u0161n\u00ed pedagogice. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1ny jsou touto formou jak zdrav\u00e9 d\u011bti, tak d\u011bti s posti\u017een\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Ovide Decroly (1871 – 1932) byl pedagogem, psychologem a l\u00e9ka\u0159em, kter\u00fd poch\u00e1zel z Belgie. Ve sv\u00e9 praxi se zam\u011b\u0159oval na l\u00e9\u010dbu nervov\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a v roce 1901 zalo\u017eil ve sv\u00e9m vlastn\u00edm dom\u011b v Bruselu \u00dastav speci\u00e1ln\u00edho vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl ur\u010den pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed s ment\u00e1ln\u00edm posti\u017een\u00edm. Pozd\u011bji v roce 1907 zalo\u017eil v\u00fdchovn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tak\u00e9 pro d\u011bti bez posti\u017een\u00ed. Decroly byl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00fd o tom, \u017ee tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0161kola neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 d\u011btsk\u00e9 psychice. Kritizoval tehdej\u0161\u00ed u\u010debn\u00ed osnovy, kter\u00e9 podle n\u011bj nerespektovaly z\u00e1jmy d\u011bt\u00ed, jejich psychickou vysp\u011blost a verb\u00e1ln\u00ed dovednosti. D\u011bti m\u011bly m\u00e1lo p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed k samostatn\u011b zvolen\u00fdm \u010dinnostem. Ve sv\u00e9 filozofii zd\u016fraz\u0148oval v\u00fdznam praktick\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed ve v\u00fdchov\u011b d\u011bt\u00ed s ment\u00e1ln\u00edm posti\u017een\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Rudolf Steiner (1861 – 1925) byl rakousk\u00fd filozof, u\u010ditel a esoterik. Byl zakladatelem duchovn\u00edho sm\u011bru antroposofie, kter\u00fd polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady waldorfsk\u00e9 pedagogiky. P\u016fsobil v r\u00e1mci Theosofick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, se kterou se v roce 1912 roze\u0161el a zalo\u017eil svou vlastn\u00ed Anthroposofickou spole\u010dnost. Ta byla zam\u011b\u0159ena na z\u00e1padn\u00ed esoteriku, na rozd\u00edl od Theosofick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 sm\u011b\u0159ovala na V\u00fdchod. Odezva na jeho u\u010den\u00ed je rozd\u00edln\u00e1, m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 obdivovatele, ale kup\u0159. \u010cesk\u00fd klub skeptik\u016f Sisyfos ozna\u010duje antroposofii za pseudov\u011bdu a magii.<\/p>\n

Linus Bopp (1887 – 1971) byl rakousk\u00fdm teologem, filozofem a p\u0159edstavitelem oboru heilerziehung. Tvrdil, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v\u0161e vysv\u011btluje a m\u011blo by b\u00fdt nevyhnutelnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fdchovy a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech lid\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm pil\u00ed\u0159em pro n\u011bj byly hodnoty jako porozum\u011bn\u00ed, ochota pomoci a schopnost vn\u00edmat.<\/p>\n

Rakousk\u00fd pediatr Hans Asperger (1906 – 1980) reprezentoval obor medico- pedagogiku. Studoval medic\u00ednu na univerzit\u011b ve V\u00eddni. Pot\u00e9 pracoval s d\u011btsk\u00fdmi pacienty a v\u0161iml si, \u017ee mnoho z nich m\u00e1 probl\u00e9m se soci\u00e1ln\u00edm kontaktem, trp\u00ed motorickou neobratnost\u00ed a m\u00e1 omezenou schopnost \u0159e\u010di a z\u00e1jm\u016f. Tento syndrom nejprve ozna\u010dil jako autistick\u00fd psychopatismus. Ten byl pozd\u011bji p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1n na Asperger\u016fv syndrom. V roce 1944 publikoval Asperger svou studii, ve kter\u00e9 popsal projevy tohoto onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Potvrdil tak\u00e9, \u017ee mnoz\u00ed pacienti jsou schopni za\u010dlenit se do b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Jeho pr\u00e1ce se v\u0161ak stala uzn\u00e1vanou a\u017e po jeho smrti.<\/p>\n

Autor:
\nDoc. MUDr. PhDr. Leo\u0161 St\u0159eda, Ph.D.
\nl\u00e9ka\u0159, doktor soci\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce a speci\u00e1ln\u00ed pedagog
\np\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed management soci\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce na 1. LF UK v Praze
\nv\u011bnuje se v\u00fduce ment\u00e1ln\u011b posti\u017een\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f v \u00fastavn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch d\u00edl\u016f vyplynulo, \u017ee l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e1 pedagogika zat\u00edm nem\u00e1 v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice legislativn\u00ed zakotven\u00ed. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed vakuum zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee obor je \u010dasto interprertov\u00e1n n\u011bkter\u00fdmi d\u00edl\u010d\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edstupy, […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27600,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27595","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zpravy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27595","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=27595"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27595\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/27600"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=27595"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=27595"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=27595"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}