{"id":32945,"date":"2019-12-13T18:10:59","date_gmt":"2019-12-13T17:10:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=32945"},"modified":"2019-12-13T18:11:00","modified_gmt":"2019-12-13T17:11:00","slug":"vymysleji-umele-oci-jednou-maji-videt-i-teplo-a-chlad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=32945","title":{"rendered":"Vym\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 o\u010di, jednou maj\u00ed „vid\u011bt“ i teplo a chlad"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V\u00fdzkumy sice opakovan\u011b potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee u nevidom\u00fdch osob se posiluj\u00ed ostatn\u00ed smysly, p\u0159esto ale zrakovou informaci v cel\u00e9m rozsahu nahradit nemohou. Proto se v\u011bdci sna\u017e\u00ed nahradit zrak technikou. <\/strong>
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Snaha nahradit b\u00edlou h\u016fl n\u011b\u010d\u00edm v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm kop\u00edruje v\u00fdvoj mikroelektroniky, proto\u017ee o funk\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1hrad\u011b oka bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt uva\u017eovat teprve s p\u0159\u00edchodem integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f a mikro\u010dip\u016f.
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Prvn\u00ed pokusn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bla obraz z kamery na zvukov\u00fd sign\u00e1l nebo na m\u0159\u00ed\u017eku s mnoha vibra\u010dn\u00edmi body, kterou m\u011bl pacient upevn\u011bnou na z\u00e1dech. Dal\u0161\u00edm krokem byl experiment z poloviny 90. let, kdy ameri\u010dt\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i do zrakov\u00e9ho centra v mozku voperovali 64 miniaturn\u00edch elektrod. P\u0159i zaveden\u00ed proudu pak pacient vid\u011bl sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00ed body. Takto se do mozku da\u0159ilo p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et dokonce sv\u011bteln\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy.
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Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm pokusu o dal\u0161\u00edch n\u011bkolik set elektrod pak \u00fadajn\u011b mohl posti\u017een\u00fd vn\u00edmat velmi jednoduch\u00fd negativn\u00ed obraz z kamery.
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V\u00fdznamnou postavou snah o v\u00fdvoj um\u011bl\u00e9ho oka byl Ameri\u010dan William T\u0159i desetilet\u00ed se v\u011bnoval v\u00fdvoji za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v lednu 2000 z\u00edskalo celosv\u011btovou publicitu jako Dobelleho oko. \u0160lo o miniaturn\u00ed kameru a ultrazvukov\u00fd d\u00e1lkom\u011br, jejich\u017e obraz zpracov\u00e1val po\u010d\u00edta\u010d na sign\u00e1ly. Ty pak putovaly do 64 platinov\u00fdch elektrod um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edmo v mozku. Pacient byl schopen rozezn\u00e1vat obrysy bl\u00edzk\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a \u010d\u00edst p\u011bticentimetrov\u00e1 p\u00edsmena. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed proveden\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9ho oka pak jin\u00e9mu posti\u017een\u00e9mu umo\u017enilo na uzav\u0159en\u00e9m parkovi\u0161ti \u0159\u00eddit auto.
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Nelze si ov\u0161em p\u0159edstavovat, \u017ee doty\u010dn\u00fd takto opravdu vid\u011bl. V mysli se mu p\u0159i dr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed mozku elektrick\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm pouze zjevovalo uskupen\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00fdch bod\u016f na temn\u00e9m pozad\u00ed.
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V\u011bt\u0161ina v\u011bdc\u016f se nyn\u00ed soust\u0159e\u010fuje na v\u00fdvoj implant\u00e1t\u016f spojen\u00fdch s o\u010dn\u00edm nervem. Nap\u0159\u00edklad t\u00fdm Marka Hamayuna z Nemocnice Johna Hopkinse zkonstruoval takzvanou nitroo\u010dn\u00ed prot\u00e9zu, co\u017e je mikro\u010dip o rozm\u011brech 5 x 5 milimetr\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edmo na s\u00edtnici.
Do \u010dipu se bezdr\u00e1tov\u011b p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed sign\u00e1l z kamery um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 na br\u00fdl\u00edch.
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Od o\u010dn\u00edch prot\u00e9z ke kyborg\u016fm V sou\u010dasnosti jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 „um\u011bl\u00e9 o\u010di“ dostupn\u00e9 u\u017e i \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti.
Americk\u00e1 firma Second Sight 10 let pracovala na o\u010dn\u00ed prot\u00e9ze Argus II, kterou v roce 2008 poprv\u00e9 implantovala t\u0159iasedmdes\u00e1tilet\u00e9mu mu\u017ei.
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„Nyn\u00ed jsem schopn\u00fd rozt\u0159\u00eddit \u0161ed\u00e9, \u010dern\u00e9 a b\u00edl\u00e9 pono\u017eky,“ \u0159ekl tehdy \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd pacient na tiskov\u00e9 konferenci. A jeho \u017eena k tomu dodala: „U\u017e m\u016f\u017ee obsluhovat pra\u010dku, brzy se nau\u010d\u00ed i \u017eehlit.“
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V sou\u010dasnosti firma ve sv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee jej\u00ed o\u010dn\u00ed prot\u00e9zu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 350 osob a \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed poji\u0161\u0165ovny jej\u00ed po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pln\u011b nebo alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b hrad\u00ed.
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Argus II je ur\u010den\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro pacienty, kte\u0159\u00ed oslepli v d\u016fsledku pom\u011brn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 skupiny d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fdch o\u010dn\u00edch chorob, pro n\u011b\u017e maj\u00ed oftalmologov\u00e9 souhrnn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pigmentov\u00e1 retinitida. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee minikamera v br\u00fdl\u00edch vys\u00edl\u00e1 obraz do implant\u00e1tu v oku, kter\u00fd sign\u00e1l p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed na vzruchy dr\u00e1\u017ed\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edtnici. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdsledkem sice nen\u00ed optick\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed okol\u00ed na \u00farovni zdrav\u00e9ho zraku, pacient ale m\u00e1 informace o intenzit\u011b sv\u011btla, kontrastech a sv\u011bteln\u00fdch rozhran\u00edch, kter\u00e9 mu umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed orientaci i v prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nezn\u00e1. Rozpozn\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad konec chodn\u00edku, dve\u0159e a okna, p\u0159\u00edtomnost osob ve sv\u00e9m okol\u00ed \u010di p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9 obrysy p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f.
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Argus II nejsp\u00ed\u0161 nez\u016fstane na trhu dlouho osamocen\u00fd. Od l\u00e9ta leto\u0161n\u00edho roku \u0161estice nevidom\u00fdch pacient\u016f lond\u00fdnsk\u00e9 nemocnice Oktegra Eye Hospital testuje za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Orion, pracuj\u00edc\u00ed na podobn\u00e9m principu. Implant\u00e1t v oku p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed obraz z kamery v br\u00fdl\u00edch na zrakov\u00fd nerv prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm 60 elektrod.
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„Dr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm zrakov\u00e9ho nervu m\u016f\u017eeme vytv\u00e1\u0159et vjemy sv\u011bteln\u00fdch bod\u016f,“ \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u010dlen v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu Alex Shortt. „Kdybychom m\u011bli k dispozici tis\u00edce a tis\u00edce elektrod, bylo by mo\u017en\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et komplexn\u00ed obrazy podobn\u00e9 mal\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9mu sm\u011bru, kter\u00e9mu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 pointilismus \u2013 skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed scenerie z te\u010dek.“
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V\u011bdeck\u00fd t\u00fdm z Baylor College of Medicine v Los Angeles se vr\u00e1til k experiment\u016fm s implantov\u00e1n\u00edm elektrod p\u0159\u00edmo do \u010d\u00e1sti mozku zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed informace z oka. P\u011btat\u0159icetilet\u00e9mu Benjaminu Spencerovi v\u011bdci letos implantovali do t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti mozku \u010dip s elektrodami. Na rozd\u00edl od Dobelleho oka se ale sign\u00e1l k \u010dipu p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed bezdr\u00e1tov\u011b, tak\u017ee odpad\u00e1 nevzhledn\u00fd kabel vedouc\u00ed do hlavy. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed syst\u00e9mu je minikamera v br\u00fdl\u00edch a kapesn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, kter\u00fd jej\u00ed obrazov\u00fd sign\u00e1l zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 do podoby vhodn\u00e9 pro dr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed mozku.
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„Mohu vid\u011bt sv\u00e9 d\u011bti, kdy\u017e m\u011b b\u011b\u017e\u00ed p\u0159iv\u00edtat. Nen\u00ed to dokonal\u00e9, obraz p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 zrnit\u00e9 z\u00e1b\u011bry pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 televize z 80. let. Ale i tak je to \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9,“ sd\u011blil novin\u00e1\u0159\u016fm Spencer.
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Plnohodnotn\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 oko zat\u00edm nen\u00ed k dispozici, ale v\u011bdci, kte\u0159\u00ed se jeho v\u00fdvojem zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed, v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee jednou budou jeho v\u00fdkony lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u o\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bk z\u00edskal b\u011bhem evoluce.
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O\u010dn\u00ed prot\u00e9zy nebo implant\u00e1ty napojen\u00e9 na zrakov\u00fd nerv maj\u00ed sv\u00e9mu majiteli ve vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed budoucnosti umo\u017enit vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v mnohem \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm rozsahu nebo ovl\u00e1dat ohniskovou vzd\u00e1lenost. Oko by tak mohlo „vid\u011bt“ teplotu povrchu \u010di fungovat jako teleobjektiv. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\nEkonom\n\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdzkumy sice opakovan\u011b potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee u nevidom\u00fdch osob se posiluj\u00ed ostatn\u00ed smysly, p\u0159esto ale zrakovou informaci v cel\u00e9m rozsahu nahradit nemohou. Proto se v\u011bdci sna\u017e\u00ed […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5904,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32945","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32945","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=32945"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32945\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5904"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=32945"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=32945"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=32945"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}