{"id":3575,"date":"2013-04-09T09:45:36","date_gmt":"2013-04-09T07:45:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=3575"},"modified":"2013-04-09T09:45:36","modified_gmt":"2013-04-09T07:45:36","slug":"kupuji-si-farmaceuticke-spolecnosti-objevy-novych-psychickych-poruch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/?p=3575","title":{"rendered":"Kupuj\u00ed si farmaceutick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti \u00bbobjevy\u00ab nov\u00fdch psychick\u00fdch poruch?"},"content":{"rendered":"

U\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b roste. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst je hlavn\u011b u l\u00e9k\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed pomoci psychicky nemocn\u00fdm. Nen\u00ed to ale t\u00edm, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 berou l\u00e9ky zbyte\u010dn\u011b a farmaceutick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti si z prodeje l\u00e9\u010div d\u011blaj\u00ed dobr\u00fd byznys?<\/strong>
\n
\nVe sv\u011btov\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00edch se st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji objevuj\u00ed informace i koment\u00e1\u0159e o snah\u00e1ch farmaceutick\u00fdch podnik\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edvat pro sv\u00e9 honby za ziskem bu\u010f pozitivn\u00ed touhy n\u011bkter\u00fdch psychiatr\u016f i psycholog\u016f p\u0159ich\u00e1zet s nov\u00fdmi objevy a zku\u0161enostmi z jejich praxe, nebo je nep\u0159\u00edmo \u010di p\u0159\u00edmo finan\u010dn\u011b i jinak stimulovat, aby usp\u011bchan\u011b p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli s nov\u00fdmi projevy skute\u010dn\u00fdch nebo fiktivn\u00edch nemoc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 budou vy\u017eadovat nejen jin\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nov\u00e9 l\u00e9ky.<\/p>\n

Der Spiegel s uspokojen\u00edm konstatuje, \u017ee ne v\u0161ichni psychiat\u0159i a psychologov\u00e9 jsou ochotni zvy\u0161ovat farmaceutick\u00fdm firm\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edjmy a p\u0159edst\u00edrat, \u017ee u\u010dinili objev, kter\u00fd zasluhuje pou\u017eit\u00ed nov\u00fdch drah\u00fdch medikament\u016f. \u010casopis ov\u0161em tak\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed fakta, kter\u00e1 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom, \u017ee jsou l\u00e9ka\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed se z\u0159ejm\u011b nechaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo \u010di nep\u0159\u00edmo korumpovat.<\/p>\n

Je nepochybn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 zjistit, kdy je nov\u00fd objev produktem badatelsk\u00e9ho nad\u0161en\u00ed, z\u00e1m\u011bru dos\u00e1hnout sv\u011btov\u00e9ho v\u011bhlasu, nebo produktem snahy se obohatit. Je v\u0161ak v\u0161eobecn\u011b st\u00e1le v\u00edce pova\u017eov\u00e1no za bernou minci, \u017ee, sou\u010dasn\u00e1 civilizace, nevyhnuteln\u011b plod\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00ed choroby v\u010detn\u011b tragick\u00fdch \u010din\u016f i sebevra\u017ed.<\/p>\n

Kup\u0159\u00edkladu posttraumatick\u00e1 zaho\u0159klost\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem ka\u017ed\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159e, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ambice, je objevit zdravotn\u00ed poruchu, kter\u00e1 bude i mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b spojena s jeho jm\u00e9nem. Podle t\u00fdden\u00edku Die Zeit se k t\u011bmto ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m vyslovil zn\u00e1m\u00fd psychiatr Michael Linden: \u00bbNejsme tady, jen abychom po\u0159\u00e1d p\u0159e\u017ev\u00fdk\u00e1vali star\u00e9 poznatky. Sna\u017e\u00edme se objevit nov\u00e9 badatelsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, a ob\u010das se nov\u00e9 teritorium uk\u00e1\u017ee b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b \u00farodn\u00e9.\u00ab<\/p>\n

Podle n\u011bj i n\u011bkter\u00fdch jeho koleg\u016f se po znovusjednocen\u00ed N\u011bmecka v b\u00fdval\u00e9 NDR asi za 10 let objevilo nem\u00e1lo velmi zatrpkl\u00fdch lid\u00ed. \u0158ada z nich nezvl\u00e1dla p\u0159echod do nov\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Linden \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u00bbZa\u010dali ke mn\u011b p\u0159ich\u00e1zet lid\u00e9 se z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdmi reaktivn\u00edmi poruchami. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 diagn\u00f3zy se na n\u011b nehodily.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkdo p\u0159estal vych\u00e1zet z domu, to vypadalo na agorafobii, pak \u0159ekl, \u017ee nem\u016f\u017ee sp\u00e1t a pom\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed na sebevra\u017edu.<\/p>\n

Pot\u00e9 pacient zjistil, \u017ee se bezd\u016fvodn\u011b h\u00e1d\u00e1 s man\u017eelkou. To u\u017e byla porucha osobnosti. Objevili se dal\u0161\u00ed podobn\u00ed pacienti. Do\u0161el jsem k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee zde m\u00e1me podskupinu, kterou mus\u00edm podrobn\u011b analyzovat.\u00ab<\/p>\n

Objevil se term\u00edn posttraumatick\u00e9 zaho\u0159klosti, dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed efekt zatrpknut\u00ed. Popsali to n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i v odborn\u00fdch \u010dasopisech.<\/p>\n

Za \u00fa\u010delem ofici\u00e1ln\u00edho zakotven\u00ed sv\u00e9ho objevu v odborn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b Linden i dal\u0161\u00ed kontaktovali Americkou psychiatrickou asociaci (APA). Je to nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 sdru\u017een\u00ed psychiatr\u016f \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed 36 tis\u00edc \u010dlen\u016f. APA vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed psychiatrickou p\u0159\u00edru\u010dku \u00bbDiagnostick\u00fd a statistick\u00fd manu\u00e1l ment\u00e1ln\u00edch poruch\u00ab (DSM).<\/p>\n

Tato p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka \u010dasto p\u0159edj\u00edm\u00e1 zm\u011bny v \u00bbMezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed klasifikaci nemoc\u00ed a souvisej\u00edc\u00edch zdravotn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f\u00ab (ICD), kterou publikuje Sv\u011btov\u00e1 zdravotnick\u00e1 organizace. Obsah DSM je ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed pro l\u00e9ka\u0159e, v\u010detn\u011b psychiatr\u016f a psycholog\u016f na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. DSM ur\u010duje, co nen\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nevyhnuteln\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed marketingov\u00e9 bomby na trhu s farmaky a ovliv\u0148uje, co si zasv\u011bcen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnost mysl\u00ed o du\u0161evn\u00edch chorob\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Farmaceutick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl m\u011bl a m\u00e1 p\u0159i p\u0159epracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky nemal\u00e9 slovo. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 70 % z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch autor\u016f DSM pracuje jako poradci t\u011bchto podnik\u016f a dost\u00e1v\u00e1 od nich honor\u00e1\u0159e. Jde hlavn\u011b o n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed firmy: Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Johnson+Johnson, Novartis, Hoffman-Laroche. Lundbeck, Forest Pharmaceuticals, Servier Amerique, Solway Wyeth.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u0159et\u00ed s du\u0161evn\u00ed nemoc\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Podobn\u011b jako Linden, p\u0159edlo\u017eila \u0159ada psychiatr\u016f a psycholog\u016f z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta APA n\u00e1vrhy nov\u00fdch, \u010di r\u016fst staronov\u00fdch syndrom\u016f. Popisuj\u00ed osam\u011bl\u00e9 star\u00e9 lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed zan\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed sv\u016fj byt odpadky; popudliv\u00e9 d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 doh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed sv\u00e9 rodi\u010de k \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed a uklidn\u00ed se jen u internetu; nerv\u00f3zn\u00ed \u017eeny, kter\u00e9 si ni\u010d\u00ed poko\u017eku pinzetami; lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed neust\u00e1le tou\u017e\u00ed po sexu, a\u010dkoliv jsou sp\u00ed\u0161e impotentn\u00ed; zam\u011bstnance, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed strach z pracovi\u0161t\u011b; mlad\u00e9 lidi, posedl\u00e9 mobiln\u00edm telefonem a internetem, apod.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd psychiatr a psycholog by r\u00e1d ur\u010doval, kde prob\u00edh\u00e1 hranice mezi nemocn\u00fdmi a zdrav\u00fdmi. Av\u0161ak rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o tom, co bude zahrnuto do nov\u00e9ho, p\u0159ipraven\u00e9ho 5. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky, tj. do DSM-5, je vyhrazeno skupin\u011b vyvolen\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 k tomu APA pov\u011b\u0159ila. Tito maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo rozhodnout, jestli n\u00e1vrhy jsou nap\u0159. posttraumatick\u00e1 zaho\u0159klost a t\u00edm proslavit jejich vyn\u00e1lezce. DSM-5 se objev\u00ed v kv\u011btnu. Bude se tam ur\u010dovat, kdo m\u00e1 polykat psychofarmaka, kdo mus\u00ed b\u00fdt posl\u00e1n k psychiatrovi apod. Zd\u00e1nliv\u011b mal\u00e9 zm\u011bny diagnostick\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed mohou prom\u011bnit cel\u00e9 skupiny obyvatelstva v pacienty.<\/p>\n

Proj\u00edt norm\u00e1ln\u011b \u017eivotem je st\u00e1le v\u00edce komplikovan\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost. Jedna ze studi\u00ed EU tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee 33 % v\u0161ech ob\u010dan\u016f tohoto teritoria prod\u011bl\u00e1 alespo\u0148 jedno du\u0161evn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. V Americe dosahuje po\u010det psychiatrick\u00fdch diagn\u00f3z st\u00e1le nov\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161\u00ed. Wall Street Journal: \u00bbStala se z nich nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pracovn\u00ed schopnosti.\u00ab Le Monde k tomu dod\u00e1v\u00e1: \u00bbNeust\u00e1l\u00e1 dosa\u017eitelnost pomoc\u00ed mobiln\u00edch telefon\u016f a internetu, nejist\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed pom\u011bry, rostouc\u00ed po\u017eadavky v zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed deprimuj\u00ed mnoh\u00e9 ob\u010dany na Z\u00e1pad\u011b.\u00ab<\/p>\n

D\u00edky otev\u0159en\u00ed debaty o syndromu vyho\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159estaly b\u00fdt psychick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my stigmatem. Sou\u010dasn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k dal\u0161\u00edmu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hranic pro psychick\u00e9 diagn\u00f3zy. Co je dnes je\u0161t\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1no za p\u0159irozen\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, by z\u00edtra mohlo b\u00fdt ozna\u010deno za du\u0161evn\u00ed nemoc. A\u017e vyjde v platnost DSM-5, mohou se miliony r\u00e1zem prom\u011bnit v psychicky nemocn\u00e9. Smutek m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1n za depresi, popudlivost za disruptivn\u00ed poruchu regulace n\u00e1lady, vysed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed u internetu za chorobnou m\u00e1nii.<\/p>\n

V\u00edce chor\u00fdch, v\u00edce pen\u011bz<\/strong><\/p>\n

Proti tomuto trendu se zvedla vlna nesouhlasu. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed s ot\u00e1zkou, zda psychiatrie nezach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 daleko a zda se t\u00edm nestoj\u00ed z\u00e1jm\u016f v\u00fdrobc\u016f l\u00e9k\u016f. Americk\u00fd psychiatr Allen Frances vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159e v\u016f\u010di nov\u00e9mu DSM-5 v \u010dasopise TIME: \u00bbMohlo by doj\u00edt k obrovsk\u00e9mu mno\u017estv\u00ed nepot\u0159ebn\u00fdch diagn\u00f3z a k nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 nadbyte\u010dn\u00e9 medikaci. Farmaceutick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl to pochopil.<\/p>\n

Nejlep\u0161\u00ed cesta ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed spot\u0159eby l\u00e9\u010div je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit l\u00e9ka\u0159e i ve\u0159ejnost, \u017ee st\u00e1le v\u00edce lid\u00ed m\u00e1 ment\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m.\u00ab Frances vyd\u00e1 v dubnu knihu \u00bbZachr\u00e1nit zdrav\u00fd rozum.\u00ab New York Times k tomu dod\u00e1v\u00e1: \u00bbNorm\u00e1ln\u00ed lidi mus\u00ed psychiat\u0159i nechat na pokoji. Jinak bychom mohli dosp\u011bt tak daleko, \u017ee u\u017e nebudou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed lid\u00e9.\u00ab<\/p>\n

Podle jedn\u00e9 ze studi\u00ed spl\u0148uje v sou\u010dasnosti 46 % obyvatel USA krit\u00e9ria psychick\u00e9ho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Pod\u00edl d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou ofici\u00e1ln\u011b klasifikov\u00e1ny jako du\u0161evn\u011b chor\u00e9, stoupl b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch 20 let 35n\u00e1sobn\u011b.\u00ab Der Spiegel p\u00ed\u0161e: \u00bbN\u011bmci jsou na tom obdobn\u011b. Psychick\u00e9 poruchy pat\u0159\u00ed k nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u016fvod\u016fm o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed v nemocnici. Podle zdravotn\u00edch poji\u0161\u0165oven stoupl po\u010det psychosoci\u00e1ln\u00edch intervenc\u00ed u star\u0161\u00edch lid\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let 2005 a\u017e 2010 o 554 %.\u00ab<\/p>\n

\u010clenov\u00e9 zdravotn\u00edho v\u00fdboru Spolkov\u00e9ho sn\u011bmu se zab\u00fdvali ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00edm mnoha d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed z\u00e1jem o t\u011blesn\u00fd pohyb a roste u nich obezita. P\u0159edseda v\u00fdboru, \u010dlen strany Zelen\u00fdch Herald Terpe, se ob\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee DSM-5 podpo\u0159\u00ed prom\u011bnu d\u011btstv\u00ed v nemoc: \u00bbNemohu se zbavit podez\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee je zde chov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed prost\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 patologizov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n

Trp\u00ed t\u00edm pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u011bti, kter\u00fdm je sugerov\u00e1no, \u017ee nejsou norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u017ee mohou dob\u0159e fungovat pouze za pomoci l\u00e9k\u016f. Farmaceutick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl bohu\u017eel tento trend podporuje t\u00edm, \u017ee propaguje psychofarmaka jako rychl\u00e9 a jednoduch\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a zaml\u010duje rizika.\u00ab Ozvala se i SPD, jej\u00ed specialista na zdravotnictv\u00ed Karl Lauterbach prohl\u00e1sil: \u00bbDSM-5 podporuje celosv\u011btovou psychiatrizaci neobvykl\u00fdch vzorc\u016f chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ze zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch lid\u00ed se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed lid\u00e9 nemocn\u00ed a v d\u016fsledku toho trp\u00ed. Psychiat\u0159i a farmaceutick\u00e9 firmy produkuj\u00ed v\u00edce nemocn\u00fdch, aby vyd\u011blali v\u00edce pen\u011bz.\u00ab<\/p>\n

Symptomy versus prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010casopis European Psychiatry se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee je t\u011b\u017eko odhadnout, jak rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd je vliv zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch firem, a zda nen\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm vin\u00edkem televize a reklama. Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b auto\u0159i DSM-5 po\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mezi kolegy zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho statutu, jsou ve sv\u00e9 bran\u017ei odm\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed velkou pozornost\u00ed. Cestuj\u00ed z jednoho kongresu na druh\u00fd, jsou placen\u00fdmi poradci zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch firem. Jsou to ov\u0161em sou\u010dasn\u011b odborn\u00edci, rozpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed nap\u0159. Freudovy koncepce \u00fazkostn\u00e9 neur\u00f3zy. Ameri\u010dan Jerome Wakefield z New Yorku University tvrd\u00ed: \u00bbDu\u0161evn\u011b chor\u00e9 od zdrav\u00fdch \u010dasto neodli\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky choroby, ale vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed okolnosti.<\/p>\n

Syst\u00e9m DSM zanedb\u00e1v\u00e1 roli prost\u0159ed\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch faktor\u016f, vliv nov\u00e9 techniky a komunikac\u00ed. Proto existuje tolik pozitivn\u00edch n\u00e1lez\u016f. L\u00e9ka\u0159i se d\u00edvaj\u00ed pouze na symptomy a nemoci hledaj\u00ed tam, kde nejsou.\u00ab<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tzv. prim\u00e1rn\u00ed insomnie. Je pops\u00e1na jako st\u00ed\u017enost na pot\u00ed\u017ee s us\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm \u010di udr\u017een\u00edm sp\u00e1nku, nebo jeho nedostate\u010dnou kvalitu. Av\u0161ak na vliv okoln\u00ed se kriteria neptaj\u00ed. A tak je ji\u017e v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m DSM-4 ignorov\u00e1na jedna z nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din poruch sp\u00e1nku: hluk. Miliony lid\u00ed, jejich\u017e lo\u017enice se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e leteck\u00fdch koridor\u016f, \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch trat\u00ed nebo frekventovan\u00fdch silnic pap\u00edrov\u011b napl\u0148uj\u00ed krit\u00e9ria du\u0161evn\u00ed choroby. \u0158ada mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed m\u00e1 v u\u0161\u00edch neust\u00e1le \u0161punty, kter\u00fdmi te\u010de hudba.<\/p>\n

Rok dr\u017eet smutek nebylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za nic zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho. Lid\u00e9 v\u017edy brali jako norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk pot\u0159ebuje hodn\u011b \u010dasu, aby se vyrovnal se ztr\u00e1tou bl\u00edzk\u00e9 osoby. Tato lh\u016fta je ji\u017e v DSM-4 zredukov\u00e1na na dva m\u011bs\u00edce a byla pak zkr\u00e1cena na dva t\u00fddny. Kdo je tedy 14 dn\u00ed po smrti p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho je\u0161t\u011b t\u011b\u017ece zdrcen, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt hodnocen jako du\u0161evn\u011b chor\u00fd a b\u00fdt proto l\u00e9\u010den antidepresivy.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 roztr\u017eit\u00fdm lidem hroz\u00ed, \u017ee se stanou pacienty. Pod n\u00e1zvem hyperkinetick\u00e1 reakce v d\u011btstv\u00ed se roztr\u017eit\u00e9 a neklidn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed objevilo v manu\u00e1lu DSM ji\u017e v roce 1968. Proslavilo se podnes b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00ed ADHD.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasnosti je v N\u011bmecku v ka\u017ed\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b jedno d\u00edt\u011b s touto diagn\u00f3zou. A tak se pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed psychofarmak \u0161koln\u00edm d\u011btem stalo b\u011b\u017en\u00e9. Spot\u0159eba metylfenid\u00e1tu, \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky pod\u00e1van\u00e9 proti ADHD v N\u011bmecku, explodovala: v roce 1993 bylo v l\u00e9k\u00e1rn\u00e1ch prod\u00e1no 34 kg tohoto l\u00e9ku, v roce 2011 skoro 1800 kg.<\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed hroz\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed epidemie ADHD. V DSM-5 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt tento syndrom poprv\u00e9 za\u0159azen mezi v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 poruchy nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se ADHD za\u0159ad\u00ed mezi onemocn\u011bn\u00ed s organickou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou. T\u00edm odpad\u00e1 v\u011bkov\u00e1 hranice. Obt\u00ed\u017ee mohou b\u00fdt nad\u00e1le diagnostikov\u00e1ny nejen u \u0161koln\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed, ale u lid\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho v\u011bku. Rozt\u011bkan\u00fd \u0161kol\u00e1k, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 v ruce neust\u00e1le mobil, tak dorostl do dosp\u011blosti.<\/p>\n

Skute\u010dn\u011b diagn\u00f3z p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vznikaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 druhy d\u011btsk\u00fdch du\u0161evn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Procento d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 trp\u00ed tzv. bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed poruchou, v Americe od roku 2000 stouplo \u010dty\u0159n\u00e1sobn\u011b. Tyto d\u011bti jsou jednou roz\u010dilen\u00e9 (maniack\u00e1 f\u00e1ze), jindy smutn\u00e9 (depresivn\u00ed f\u00e1ze). Diagn\u00f3zu l\u00e9ka\u0159i a psychologov\u00e9 stanovuj\u00ed \u010dasto na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u0161koln\u00edch v\u00fdkon\u016f, kter\u00e9 souvis\u00ed i s IQ mnoha d\u011bt\u00ed. D\u011bti dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed l\u00e9ky, o kter\u00fdch nikdo nev\u00ed, jak ovlivn\u00ed jejich vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se mozek.<\/p>\n

Ellen Leibenluftov\u00e1, psychiatri\u010dka z americk\u00e9ho N\u00e1rodn\u00edho institutu du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed, je \u010dlenkou skupiny zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed v DSM poruchy d\u011bt\u00ed a ml\u00e1de\u017ee. Domn\u00edv\u00e1 se, \u017ee oblast d\u011btsk\u00fdch du\u0161evn\u00edch nemoc\u00ed st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b sk\u00fdt\u00e1 voln\u00fd prostor.<\/p>\n

Navrhla definici nov\u00e9 nemoci, kterou lze diagnostikovat do 10 let v\u011bku. M\u00e1 m\u00edt n\u00e1zev t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 porucha regulace n\u00e1lad. Po dlouh\u00fdch debat\u00e1ch bylo rozhodnuto, \u017ee d\u011bti posti\u017een\u00e9 touto poruchou dostanou \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b v DSM-5. M\u00e1 n\u00e9st n\u00e1zev porucha regulace temperamentu. Kdy\u017e se informace dostala na ve\u0159ejnost, okam\u017eit\u011b vnesli protest n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed rodi\u010de problematick\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed. N\u00e1zev nemoci se jim zd\u00e1l p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nevinn\u00fd, jako by d\u011bti byly pouze popudliv\u00e9, a\u010dkoli vlastn\u011b maj\u00ed t\u011b\u017ekou mozkovou poruchu. Pot\u00e9 komise vynalezla term\u00edn, kter\u00fd zn\u011bl v\u00edce l\u00e9ka\u0159sky: disruptivn\u00ed porucha regulace n\u00e1lad.<\/p>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti v\u011bdci jako epidemiolog Dirk Richter a psychiatr Thomas Reker nenach\u00e1zej\u00ed d\u016fkazy o p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00edch chorob. I n\u011bmeck\u00e1 nadace na podporu lid\u00ed s depres\u00ed zpochyb\u0148uje dnes obvyklou tezi o jejich nar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed. Psychiatr Klaus D\u00f6rner, tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee za zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm po\u010dtu diagn\u00f3z stoj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159\u00edstup k \u017eivotn\u00edm \u00faskal\u00edm, nov\u00e1 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 revoluce, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 v d\u016fsledku kriz\u00ed od roku 2008 rostou. Jde nyn\u00ed o v\u0161eobecnou komplexn\u00ed krizi spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

Hal\u00f3 noviny<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

U\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b roste. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst je hlavn\u011b u l\u00e9k\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed pomoci psychicky nemocn\u00fdm. Nen\u00ed to ale t\u00edm, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 berou l\u00e9ky zbyte\u010dn\u011b […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3575","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3575","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3575"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3575\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3575"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3575"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3575"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}