\u010cRo Plus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 n\u00e1\u0161 magaz\u00edn o v\u011bd\u011b, v\u00fdzkumech a inovac\u00edch, tedy V\u011bda plus. Jak se mozek p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed kon\u010detin\u011b? <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mozek d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se narodily bez ruky, se tomuto handicapu dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159izp\u016fsobit u\u017e v ran\u00e9m v\u011bku. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f v\u010detn\u011b \u010cech\u016f publikoval v presti\u017en\u00edm \u010dasopise Nature Communications novou studii na toto t\u00e9ma a ukazuje se, \u017ee u takov\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 reorganizaci tzv. mozkov\u00e9 mapy t\u011bla. Oblast mozku, kter\u00e1 by za b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed reprezentovala ruku, nez\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 neaktivn\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 mozek reagovat na sign\u00e1ly z jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00fdmu byli i v\u011bdci z Fakulty elektrotechnick\u00e9 \u010cVUT v Praze a moder\u00e1torka Martina Ma\u0161kov\u00e1 v rozhovoru s Mat\u011bjem Hofmanem ze skupiny humanoidn\u00ed robotiky na tamn\u00ed kated\u0159e kybernetiky zji\u0161\u0165ovala, co je to mozkov\u00e1 mapa t\u011bla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 8,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tak, abychom mohli na\u0161e t\u011blo dob\u0159e ovl\u00e1dat, mus\u00edme ho dob\u0159e zn\u00e1t. To znamen\u00e1 mozek mus\u00ed m\u00edt n\u011bjak\u00fd model na\u0161eho t\u011bla. Takov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed je v mozku v\u00edce, ale asi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je pr\u00e1v\u011b ona somatosenzorick\u00e1 mapa t\u011bla, n\u011bkdy ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 jako senzorick\u00fd homunkulus. Je to takov\u00fd ten pok\u0159iven\u00fd mu\u017e\u00ed\u010dek s obrovsk\u00fdm obli\u010dejem a rukou a tuto mapu k\u016f\u017ee nebo hmatu v mozku popsal u\u017e v polovin\u011b dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed kanadsk\u00fd neurochirurg Wilder Penfield p\u0159i operac\u00edch a pacient\u016f s epilepsi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
00:08:04<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 9,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vlastn\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 ty \u010d\u00e1sti t\u011bla tedy vys\u00edlaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly do mozku v r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e nebo v r\u016fzn\u00e9 intenzit\u011b. No, pokud se tedy stane kdy\u017e se narod\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b bez ruky bohu\u017eel tak co se tam p\u0159eskup\u00ed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
00:08:22<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 8,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tak my jsme sledovali pr\u00e1v\u011b aktivace v mozku d\u011bt\u00ed a dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsme sledovali i jejich b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i praktick\u00fdch \u00fakolech, t\u0159eba jak otev\u00edraj\u00ed krabi\u010dky, manipuluj\u00ed s p\u0159edm\u011bty a m\u011bli jsme 2 skupiny. M\u011bli jsme tedy d\u011bti a dosp\u011bl\u00e9, kter\u00e9 byly narozen\u00e9 bez ruky a norm\u00e1ln\u00ed populaci a cht\u011bli jsme porovnat teda 2 v\u011bci, jak t\u011blo skute\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a jak je uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 v mozku. No a v\u00fdsledky n\u00e1m uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee u lid\u00ed narozen\u00fdch bez ruky doch\u00e1z\u00ed k rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 reorganizaci toho homunkula, t\u00e9 mozkov\u00e9 mapy t\u011bla a pr\u00e1v\u011b ta oblast mozku, kter\u00e1 je tam vlastn\u011b geneticky u\u017e p\u0159ipraven\u00e1, aby reprezentoval ruku, tak pokud tu ruku ten dan\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk nem\u00e1, tak ona nez\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 neaktivn\u00ed a m\u00edsto toho za\u010dne vlastn\u011b zvy\u0161ovat ty vstupy z t\u011bch ostatn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla, kter\u00e9 jsou norm\u00e1ln\u011b oslaben\u00e9, ale neomezuje se jenom na to okol\u00ed t\u00e9 ruky, ale vlastn\u011b si to p\u0159evezme aktivitu z obli\u010deje, z ramena a i vlastn\u011b z cel\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
00:09:18<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 9,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
My jsme mluvili o d\u011btech, kter\u00e9 u\u017e se narod\u00ed bez ruky, ale kdyby o tu ruku p\u0159i\u0161ly, tak p\u0159izp\u016fsob\u00ed se mozek rovn\u011b\u017e nebo by to bylo pomalej\u0161\u00ed v jin\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
00:09:28<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 8,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bylo by to je zn\u00e1mo \u017ee vlastn\u011b mozek m\u00e1 tu plasticitu, tu schopnost t\u00e9 adaptace nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vlastn\u011b v d\u011btstv\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ta plasticita je tam p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 i v dosp\u011blosti. To znamen\u00e1, ur\u010dit\u011b by do\u0161lo k podobn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m, ale byly by \u010d\u00edm jsme star\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm by vlastn\u011b ta kompenzace byla, \u0159ekn\u011bme, men\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
00:09:48<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 9,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vy jste z t\u00fdmu humanoidn\u00ed robotiky, zab\u00fdv\u00e1te se roboty, tedy ta va\u0161e \u00faloha v tom mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm t\u00fdmu v\u011bdc\u016f byla konkr\u00e9tn\u011b jak\u00e1?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
00:10:00<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 8,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tak my jsme se Zde\u0148kem Strakou d\u011blali v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed modelov\u00e1n\u00ed. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee jsme vytvo\u0159ili po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd model, kter\u00fd zkou\u0161\u00ed vysv\u011btlit, jak se ta mozkov\u00e1 mapa m\u016f\u017ee m\u011bnit, kdy\u017e chyb\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b ty vstupy z ruky. A tam je n\u011bjak\u00fd mechanismus, ten se jmenuje Homeostatick\u00e1 plasticita. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd neuron v mozku si vlastn\u011b do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry hl\u00edd\u00e1, aby byl aktivn\u00ed, p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b dostal p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vstupn\u00edch sign\u00e1l\u016f a kdy\u017e o n\u011bkter\u00e9 vstupy p\u0159ijde, tak za\u010dne zesilovat jin\u00e9, aby si tuto \u00farove\u0148 t\u00e9 aktivity udr\u017eel a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem pokud Neuron v oblasti Mozku ur\u010dene pro ruku nedost\u00e1v\u00e1 sign\u00e1ly z chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed kon\u010detiny, za\u010dne zesilovat ty jin\u00e9 vstupy z pa\u017ee, z\u00e1p\u011bst\u00ed, n\u011bkdy z obli\u010deje. A pr\u00e1v\u011b tento mechanismus jsme pomohli vysv\u011btlit na\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edm modelem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
00:10:44<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 9,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pom\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1m to s rozvojem humanitn\u00edch robot\u016f a mohli by ti roboti pak zp\u011btn\u011b zase poslou\u017eit medic\u00edn\u011b?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
00:10:51<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 8,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tak na\u0161e skupina se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 humonoidn\u00edmi roboty s citlivou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed na cel\u00e9m povrchu t\u011bla a aby mohli spr\u00e1vn\u011b fungovat, tak na\u0161i roboti pr\u00e1v\u011b tak\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed adaptivn\u00ed plastick\u00e9 mapy sv\u00e9ho t\u011bla a my pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me jako modely ran\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje d\u011bt\u00ed a jejich mozku. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee kdy\u017e my vlastn\u011b dok\u00e1\u017eeme reprodukovat tyhlety mapy, jak se n\u00e1\u0161 robot, kter\u00fd se, \u0159ekn\u011bme, pr\u00e1v\u011b narodil a hraje si se sv\u011btem, tak t\u00edm pom\u016f\u017eeme osv\u011btlit ty mechanismy pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v tom ran\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji mozku, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt i efekt pr\u00e1v\u011b do medic\u00edny, pokud se ten mozek t\u0159eba nevyv\u00edj\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
00:11:27<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mluv\u010d\u00ed 2,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dodal v rann\u00edm plusu v rozhovoru s Martinou Ma\u0161kovou Mat\u011bj Hofman z Fakulty elektrotechnick\u00e9 \u010cVUT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u010cRo Plus za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 n\u00e1\u0161 magaz\u00edn o v\u011bd\u011b, v\u00fdzkumech a inovac\u00edch, tedy V\u011bda plus. Jak se mozek p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed kon\u010detin\u011b? Mozek d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se narodily bez […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":59411,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zpravy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=63264"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63264\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/59411"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=63264"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=63264"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invarena.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=63264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}